动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态语态（一） 时态：表示动作发生或存在状态以及表现方式的一种动词形式。 语态：用来说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。 主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者或行为的主体； 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者或行为的对象 英语中，在不同时间，以不同的方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用动词的不同形式表 现出来，动词的这些不同形式构成了动词的时态。一般来说，发生在现在的事情用现 在的时态进行描述，发生在过去的事情，用过去的时态进行描述，将要发生的事情用 将来的时态进行描述。英语中的时态共计 16种，常用的有12种。 、时间 方式 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 works worked shal

2、l/ will work should/ would work 进行 am/ is/ are work ing was/ were worki ng shall/ will be worki ng should/ would be worki ng 完成 have/ has worked had worked shall/ will have worked should/ would have worked 完成进行 have/ has bee n worki ng had bee n work ing shall/ will have bee n work ing should/ would

3、 have bee n work ing 在高中阶段，我们将会主要学习到的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、 现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。本次课我们 主要讲解一般现在时、一般过去时以及一般将来时 一.一般现在时 1. 基本结构 肯定形式： be 动词：am/ is/ are 行为动词：动词原形、第三人称单数 否定形式： am /is / are+ not don t /doesn动词原形+ 一般疑问句： 把be动词放于句首 Do/Does +动+司原形+？ 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 2. 般现在时的第三人称单数的构成： 动词特征 变化

4、例词 一般动词 词尾加-s look- looks find- finds 以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾 词尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes 以辅音字母+y ”结尾 变y为i再加-es fly- flies, apply- applies 3. 基本用法： 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语有：always, usually, ofte n, sometimes, every week (day, year, month)，once a 等eek, on Sun days 例: I leave home for school

5、 at 7 every morning. 表示客观真理，客观存在或科学事实，以及格言或名言警句中。如： The earth moves around the sun. Shan ghai lies in the east of China. Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。 表示爱好、能力、性格、个性。 I like Chin ese food. I don t want so much. Ann Wang writes good En glish but does not speak well. 4. 特殊用法 一般现在时代替将来时 when

6、, before, after, till, 1. 时间状语从句、条件状语从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如： once, as soon as, if, i n case （that）, uni ess等。 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 I wiii caii you as soon as I go back home. 我一到家就给你电话。 注：1.可以代替 as soon as表示一就的词语：the moment、the minute、immediately、 instan

7、tiy 2. 主句部分除了用一般将来时，还可以用祈使句以及情态动词 例： If you have any problem, please contact me. （主祈从现） If you have any problem, you can contact m e . （主情从现） 3. notuntil用法总结： A. sb didn t do sth until sb did sth. I didn t go home until I finished my homework yesterda我昨天直至U完成作业才回家 B. sb won t do sth until sb do/does

8、 st（主将从现） I won t leave until you come tomorrow. 我明天会直至你过来才会离开。 练习：翻译下面的句子 1. 昨天修理完桌椅后，我们才回家。 答案： We didn t go home until we finished repairing desks and tables. 2. 有时候，直至珍贵的时刻成为了回忆，你才会真正认识至它的价值所在。 答案： Sometimes, you won t know the true value of a moment until it becomes a memory. 2.用于表示较固定的，按计划、规定将

9、要发生的动作，但只限于begi n, come, go, leave, arrive, stop, return, close, open, take, start, take place等少数动作。 例：The train leaves Beijing at six and arrives at Jinan at nine. 一般现在时代替进行时 句型： Here comes ;There goes 例: Look, here comes Mr. Li. There goes the bell. 二.一般过去时 1. 基本结构 肯定形式： be 动词： was / were 行为动词：动词的

10、过去式 否定形式： was/ were + not didn 动词原形 一般疑问句： was或 were 放于句首 Did +动词原形？ 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 2. 动词的过去式及过去分词的构成: 规则动词的变化： 规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的 动词特征 变化 例词 一般动词 词尾加-ed look- looked, looked 以e结尾 词尾加-d live- lived, lived 以辅音字母+y ”结尾 变y为i,再加-ed carry-carried, carried 以重读闭音节结尾， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母，再加- ed stop

11、- stopped, stopped 3.用法 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有last year, yesterday, just now, in + 过去年份,a few years ago, in the past. 例: Yesterday, I saw my friends off at the airport. always, ofte n, usually, 表示过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态，常用的时间状语有 sometimes, seldom, n ever等 例：I always got up late and n ever had eno ug

12、h time for breakfast whe n I was a child. 三一般将来时 结构+用法 “ will/ shall +动词原形”构成将来时，表示将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。 shall仅用于第一人称I/we作主语，而will则用于各种人称。常用于将来时的时间状语 有: next time, tomorrow, this after noon, before long， in the future, soon, the day after tomorrow. 例: I shall visit my teacher when I go to Beijing. “ be g

13、oi ng to +动词原形，表示打算、计划、安排做某事。 例: We are going to hold a sports meet next weekend. begin, leave, arrive, start, finish, meet, return等动词的一般现在时，表示按计划或安排 将要发生的事。（时刻表） 例: Flight 55 leaves at six p.m. leave, go, come, stay, do, take, have等动词的现在进行时，表示按计划或准备要做某 事。 例：She is leaving early tomorrow morning.明天她

14、很早就出发。 “ be to +动词原形，表示即将发生某事、安排做某事或要求做某事。 例: The meeting is to take place at 8:00 tomorrow. “ be about + to+动词原形”，表示即将发生某事，不与具体的将来时间状语连用 例: Hurry up! The train for Shanghai is about to start. 注意：1. shall/will do 和 be going to do 的区别 shall/will do表示一种趋势或习惯性动作，或预言将要发生的事，或表示临时性打算等。 Fish will die witho

15、ut water.（ 趋势） He will sit there doing no thi ng for hours.（习惯动作） We haven t seen each other for a long time. Shall we have a dinner tonight?临时性的打算） be goi ng to do表示提前计划、安排好的事情，或者表示有迹象发生 We are going to have a meeting at 8:00 tomorrow.（计划、安排） Look at these clouds! It s going to ra（迹象发生事情） 2. 一般现在时表

16、将来和现在进行时表将来的区别 一般现在时表示计划、安排将要发生事情的时候主语通常为物（火车、飞机等一时刻 表，有具体的时刻） The train leaves Beiji ng at 7:00. 现在进行时表示计划、安排将要发生事情的时候主语通常为人。 They are hav ing a meeti ng toni ght. 丄练一练 1. 观察下列例句，将序号填入对应用法之后的空白栏中 A. 一般现在时 All the liv ing thi ngs on the earth depe nd on the sun. The pla ne takes off at 5:00 a.m. Un

17、less it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place. Our teacher told us the earth goes round the sun. He sometimes stay up till midni ght to catch up with others. We always care for each other and help each other. She is a teacher. -Do you sin g? little. 一般用法 现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常 与 usually, a

18、lways, seldom, often, frequently, every day等时间状语连用 主语现在的特征，性格和状态 客观规律，正确事实或科学真理，格言以及其他不 受时间限制的客观存在 特殊用法 “主将从现”：主要用在条件从句（if和unless等） 和时间状语从句（ when, as soon as, before, after, until 和by the time等）中，表示将来的动作。（注意：从 句也可视情况用现在完成时，主句可视语境用将来任 意时态） “时刻表”：安排，或计划要做的动作（有时间状 语）限于 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, o

19、pen, start, stop, close, return等一类短暂性动词。 B. 一般过去时 I didn t know you bought the present for me. The Great Wall came into being in 221BC. We used to get up at five every morning whe n we were at school. When I was in the factory, I often worked in the workshop. The professor put one fin ger in his mou

20、th, tasted it, and smiled with satisfact ion. 一般用法 主要表示 过去发生 的动作或 存在的状 态 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 yesterday, in 1996, two years ago ,last mon th, the day before yesterday, the other day 等表示过去的 时间状语连用。 过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为，常与 every day, often, sometimes 等时间状语连用， used to , would常用来表示过去经常或反复发生 的行为。Would不接表示认识或状

21、态的词，但 used to不受限制。 过去发生的一系列动作 语境中的过去时，往往表示刚刚，刚才，”之 意，暗示现在已不再这样” C. 一般将来时 If you are going to do it, you had better do it well. If you will wait here, the manager will be back 10 minutes later. We are to finish the work before five this after noon. He will be thirty years old n ext year. No one is to

22、 leave the cinema without the police s permission The train is about to start. Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm. Will we clone a dino saur? You forgot to turn off the light! Really, I will go and tur n it off. 构成 用法 shall/will do 单纯表未来，常与 tomorrow, next month 等 连用 表示对未来进行“预测” 表示“意愿”

23、表示说话瞬间做出的一个决定 be going to do 表示计划打算做某事和有迹象即将发生某事 be about to do/ be on the point of doi ng 表示就要或者即将做某事（不与时间状语连 用，但可和when从句连用，when通常突 然，正在这时”） be to do 表示将要发生的动作，可表示 女排好的事， 也可表示要求做的事 2. 单项选择 1. Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow s conference when heback. He is to chair the conference. A. will

24、come B. cameC. comes D. is coming 2. Mr. Brow nhis office an hour ago and he is still on his way home. A. leftB. leavesC. is leav ingD. was leav ing 3. Mr. BlackShan ghai in a few days. Do you know whe n the earliest pla neon Sunday? A. leaves; takes offB. is leav ing; takes off C. is leav ing; is t

25、ak ing offD. leaves; is tak ing off 4. - Do you have any pla ns for this Sun day? -Yes. Imy cous in who has just returned from America. A. visitB. am visit ingC. would visit D was visit ing 5. -I am trying to find yesterday s newslpaveryou seen it ? -I am afraid that Iit away .I thought you had fini

26、 shed readi ng it . A. threwB. had throw nC. throwD. will throw 6. You can not go out to play uni ess youyour homework . A. fini shedB. will finishC. finishD. are fini shi ng 7. He looks excited because his pare ntsto her birthday party this weeke nd . A. comeB. have comeC. are comingD. could come 8

27、. -Have you see n your aunt rece ntly ? -Yes. Ito visit her last ni ght. A. went B. was going C. has gone D. will go 9. - Look at that beautiful sky! -It looks like ita wonderful day. A. wasB. will be C. is going to beD. would be 10. Donny helped us get the tickets. Weto Guan gzhou n ext Wedn esday.

28、 A. flewB. flyC. are flyi ng D. will have flow n 11. Hurry up! The trainat 7:00. A. leaves B. leftC. was leav ingD. leave 12. It has bee n well accepted by most En glish lear ners that practiceperfect. A. madeB. will makeC. makesD. make 13. - How can I apply for an on li ne course? -Just fill out this form and wewhat we can do four you. A. seeB. are seei ngC. have see nD. will see