2014年全国职称英语考试 卫生类教材B级阅读17-33篇 押题 小抄版 字典版

1、2014年教材电子版 b级 阅读理解部分 第17-33篇17 eating potatoes gives your immune system a boosteating potatoes is not only good for bowel health，but also for the whole immune system， especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. in a study on an animal model，researchers in spain found that

2、pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (rps)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. white blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease， generally when the body is challenged.the ge

3、neral down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 the reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation but the observed reduct

4、ion in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.in what was the longest study of its kind，pigs were fed rps over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. the use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resi

5、stant starch, ” said study leader jose francisco perez at the universitat autonoma de barcelona3，spain.humans do not eat raw potatoes，but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch， such as cold boiled potatoes，legumes，grains，green bananas，pasta and cereals. about 10 percent of the sta

6、rch eaten by human is resistant starch 一 starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)4.immunology e

7、xpert lena ohmans team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for ibs patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of ibs being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. she says the decrease in lymphocy

8、tes observed by the spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in ibs patients. ohman is currently at the department of internal medicine, goteborg university, sweden5. the study is published in the journal chemistry and industry, the magazine of the sci6. 词

9、汇：boost /burst/ vt. 8cn,提高，举起bowel /baul/ n.(常用复数）肠salad /saebd/ n.色拉（西餐中的一种凉拌菜）spain /spein/ n.西班牙 starch /staitj/ n.淀粉 leucocyte /1( j)uik9sait/ n.白细胞 lymphocyte / 丨limfosait/ n.淋巴细胞 inflammation / 丨 infb丨meijan/ n.炎，炎症；发 炎部位down-regulation n.下调，向卞调节 spanish /spaenij/ adj,西班牙的 indicative /indiksti

10、v/ adj.指示性的；象征性的；预示性的 density /denssti/ n.密度 apoptosis /,aep9pt9usis/ n.细胞凋亡（细胞的自然死亡） simulate /simjuleit/ vt 模仿，模拟 resistant /rizistsnt/ adj.有抵抗力的；耐久的barcelona /丨ba:si丨buns/ n.巴塞罗那（西班牙港市）legume /legjuimigjuim/ n.豆，（豆）荚pasta /paests/ n.意大禾!j 面食cereal /sisril/ n.(常用复数）（作为主粮的）谷物类digest /did3est,dai-/

11、v.消化 intestine /intestin/ n.(常用复数）肠 shunt /jant/ v.(使）分流 ferment /f3:ment/ v.(使）发酵immunology /iimjuindbdsij-mju-/ n.免疫 学peripheral /psnfsrol/ adj.周围的;表面的 gut /gat/ n.肠hypothesis /haipd0isis/ n.(学说的）假设，假定inflammatory /inflaemstori/ adj.发炎的，炎 性的 注释：1. raw potato starch (rps)：未经加工的土豆淀粉2. the general do

12、wn-regulation of leucocytes observed by the spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.西班牙研究者们所观察到的白血球水平整体下调意味着未经加工的土豆淀粉具有全面的有益作用，也就是总的来说身体是更加 健康。3. universitat autonoma de barcelona是西班牙一个少数民族语加泰隆语，意为“巴塞罗那 自治大学”。这是该大学的原名。4. irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)

13、:肠易激综合征5. department of internal medicine, goteborg university, sweden:瑞典哥德堡大学内科医学系6. sci (science citation index):科学引文索引。美国科学信息研究所1961年创办出版的引文数据库。练习：1 what form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body? a potato soup. b potato cake.c potato salad. d hot boiled potato.2 what does the reducti

14、on in leucocyte levels in the body mean?a it may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.b it may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.c it means that the body is challenged.d it means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.3 for what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch i

15、n their experiment?a they wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs. b they wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch. c they wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day. d they wanted to see how much body weight each expe

16、rimental pig gained in the end.4all of the following foods are rich in resistant starch except a pasta. b grains. c legumes. d vegetables.5what a kind of starch is resistant starch after all? a it may cause irritable bowel syndrome.b it may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder.c it m

17、ay raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.d it cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.1. c短文开头第一句就说,“吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益,尤其是吃 土豆色拉或凉吃”，因此在四个选项中最有营养的非c项莫属。2. a第二段第三句说，“淋巴细胞水平低显示炎症水平下降”，故其他b、c、d三个选项均不正确。3. b 二段第二句引用了研究组负责人自己的话说，“在实验中使用未经加工的土豆淀粉，就 是

18、为了模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用”，其他a、c、d三个选项文章均没有提及。4. d第四段第一句列出了一些富含耐久淀粉的食品，其中就没有d项“蔬菜”，而且实际上蔬 菜也不是富含淀粉的食物。5. d第四段倒数第二句已经解释了耐久淀粉的特点：“不能在小肠中消化，而是分流到大肠， 在大肠中发酵。”其他选项个别词语虽在短文中出现过，但都不是说明耐久淀粉的。18 exercise can replace insulin for elderly diabeticsmost older people with so-called type h diabetes could stop taking insu

19、lin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the copenhagen newspaper berlingske tidende on monday. results from tests conducted on diabetics at the copenhagen central hospital rigshospitalets center for muscle rese

20、arch showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.this is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said. researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type n, al

21、l more than60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. after the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2associate professor3 dr. flemming dela of the muscle research center

22、said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non?exercising persons.this means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. at t

23、he same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，” dela was quoted as saying.6insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.dela said that to achieve the desired effe

24、ct diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off6 after five days without sufficient exercise.most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercis

25、e, dela added.词汇： insulin /丨insjulin/ n.胰岛素diabetic /,dai9betik/ adj.(患）糖尿病的; .n.糖尿病患者diabetes /idaisbiitiiz/ n.糖尿病；多尿症 brisk /brisk/ adj.轻快的；活泼的，活跃的 copenhagen /丨ksijpsn丨heigsn/ n.哥本哈根(丹麦首都） muscle /丨masl/ n.肌肉 utilise ( = utilize) /丨ju:tilaiz/ vt.利用，使用 medication /jmedikei/sn/ n.药物，药物治疗 subject /s

26、abdsikt/ n.实验对象 utilisation ( = utilization) /juitilaizei/on/n.利用，使用 saying /senq/ n. hormone /hoimsun/ n.激素 pancreas /paeqkriss/ n. jr(h) 1. be equal to;等于2. as a measure for how well their insulin worked:作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。 从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。3. associate professor ：副教授4. . cannot cure

27、people of diabetes:不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb. of sth.：给某人医治某 病。例如:liiis medicine should cure you of your cold.这药准能治好你的感冒。5. put off:推迟，延期6. dela was quoted as saying:dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。7. work up:逐步引起，激起8. wear off:逐渐消失 ，9. (be) unaware of sth.：不知道，没觉察练习：1. how could most elderly type ii diabetics

28、 stop taking insulin? a by taking more salt than usual. b by taking less salt than usual.c by doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week. d by going climbing, swimming or boxing every day.2. physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by a 70 per cent. b

29、 30 per cent.c 60 per cent. d only a few per cent.3. the subjects of the research tests conducted at the copenhagen central hospital included a elderly non-diabetic men. b elderly type ii diabetic men.c both sexes of all ages. d both a and b.4. to what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to

30、 achieve the desired effect? a to the degree where they begin to sweat.b to the degree where they feel exhausted. c to the point when they feel thirsty. d to the point when they have to take insulin.5. according to dela, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importanceof watching th

31、eir diet.a as poorly understood as b as well understood asc less understood than d better understood than1. c文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至 终都没有提到。2. b文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。3. d此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有n型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以 上的男人。4. a文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。5. c最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，

32、但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性。19 prolonging human lifeprolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. in fact, it

33、 is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. in all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. in

34、hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. in times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. in most contemporary societies, pe

35、ople feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. we have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. unless these people were able to save money for

36、their retirement, somebody else must support them. in the united states many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insura

37、nce, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.when older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. in the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. today, with most

38、 members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. to meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. these are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and othe

39、r nonprofit groups. while a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency n.依赖性contemporary .现代的obligation n. 义务insurance n. 保险welfare n.福利senile dj. 衰老的grave dj.

40、严肃的convalescent dj.康复的sponsor v. 发起，资助institution n. 机构注释:1. prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : collecting stamps is his hobby.2. many people alive today would have died of childhood

41、diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。3. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。5. in times of famine: 在饥荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是依靠过活。例:

42、many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)7. grave problems: 严重的问题8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场练习:1. the writer believes that the population explosion results froma an increase in birthrates.b the industri

43、al development.c a decrease in death rates.d cultural advances.2. it can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesa it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.b infants could be left dead in times of starvation.c parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of

44、 the tribe to their children.d death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. according to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the united states is true?a many of them have a very hard life.b they cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.c they r

45、ely mainly on their children for financial support.d most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. in paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers toa the need to prolong the lives of old people.b the need to enrich the life of the retired people.c the need to build profit

46、-making nursing homes.d the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?a sympathetic.b unfriendly.c optimistic.d critical.批评1. c 第一段最后一句说： in fact, it is a decrease in death ra

47、tes, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。2. b 第二段第四句说： in times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在灾年，

48、可能会容忍婴儿死亡，因为，如果他们的父母饿死了，他们也无法生存，而如果父母生存下来可重新生儿育女。因此，选项 b是正确的答案。3. a 第二段倒数第二句是这么说的：in the united states many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美国，许多退休人员依靠社会保障金生活，其数额之小差不多使人穷困潦倒。）可以看出，在美国许多退休人员的生活是很艰难的。这正是选项a表达的意思，因而选项a是正确的答案。4. d

49、第三段第三句：today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （当今，由于家庭中大多数人都出去工作或上学，家里常常没有人来照顾有病或虚弱的人。）this need 出现在下面这个短语中：to meet this need（为了满足这种需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。这正是选项d表达的意思。5. d文章昀后一句说 : most of

50、 them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多数机构只不过是倾倒垂死的人的垃饭场，所谓的照顾都是由收入低、超量工作、技术水平低下的人员提供的。作者如此措辞显然是对大多数机构的强烈批评。因此，选项 d是正确答案。20 fda: human, animal waste threatens producethe biggest food safety risk for fresh fruits

51、 and vegetables as they are grown, picked or processed comes from human and animal waste, the u. s. food and drug administration （fda）.said friday.more than 9, 000 americans die each year from food-borne diseases and some scientists believe fresh produce is the biggest carrier of contamination.the f

52、da issued a set of draft guidelines for u. s. and foreign growers to carefully monitor worker hygiene, water quality, manure management and transportation.these 34-page draft guidelines urged growers to give workers lessons on basic hygiene such as using soap to wash their hands, covering wounds tha

53、t could come into contact with produce, and using only clean toilets.the fda guidelines identified “the major source of contamination ”for fresh produce as human or animal feces.“we think just proper controls and proper attention to detail would make a big difference in food safety,” said and fda of

54、ficial, “it is our belief that these guidelines would not be very costly.”but grower groups disagreed with the fdas assessment. “most food-borne disease outbreaks that happen further down the distribution line are due to contamination because people preparing food are not properly washing their hand

55、s, ”said stacey zawal, an official with united fresh fruit and vegetable association. “that is not necessarily true for growers and packers.”some u. s. grower organizations have expressed concern that the agency is interfering with on-farm practices. others object to the fdas proposal to have grower

56、s formally document the picking, handling and transportation of produce so that health officials could quickly recall foods if necessary.consumer groups criticized the fda guidelines as of little use because they will not carry the force of law. but stricter regulations could evolve as researchers find new technology or methods to kill harmful bacteria or p