粉末喷涂与应用

1、Metal Pretreatment for use with Powder Coatings 金属前处理金属前处理 Metal Preparation 金属的处理金属的处理 Pretreatment is a process intended to prevent the corrosion of the painted metal. 前处理是一种提高耐腐蚀的工艺前处理是一种提高耐腐蚀的工艺 Fe2 + O2 + H2O=RUST Iron reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere creating a powdery brown mess

2、, not very ornamental, and continuous until no solid metal remains. 铁在空气中会与氧气和水反应生成褐色的物质铁在空气中会与氧气和水反应生成褐色的物质 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Several methods of corrosion prevention can be used 几种防腐蚀的方法几种防腐蚀的方法 For Steel: 铁：铁： Automotive applications 汽车业汽车业 Primer : Underseals : Layers of Paint. Several m

3、ethods of corrosion prevention can be used 几种防腐蚀的方法几种防腐蚀的方法 For Steel: 铁：铁： Architectural Applications 建筑业建筑业 Galvanising : Anti Corrosive Primer * Galvanising covering with a layer of zinc. Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Several methods of corrosion

4、 prevention can be used 几种防腐蚀的方法几种防腐蚀的方法 For Aluminium: 铝：铝： Aluminium oxidises to form a white corrosion product 铝被氧化后形成白色的物质铝被氧化后形成白色的物质 Architectural Applications 建筑业建筑业 Anodise : Acid Primers Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Why Pretreatment ? 为什么要前处理？为什么要前处理？ Powder coatings are used to enhance the a

5、ppearance of buildings, machines, furniture,appliances: 粉末涂料用于改善建筑，机械设备，家具，以及其它器具的表面：粉末涂料用于改善建筑，机械设备，家具，以及其它器具的表面： Designers and architects are searching to give distinction in terms of colour and effects. 设计师和建筑师提供了包括颜色和效果在内的标准等级设计师和建筑师提供了包括颜色和效果在内的标准等级 The problem is that all paints are porous： 所有

6、的涂料均不同程度的存在会渗水的小孔所有的涂料均不同程度的存在会渗水的小孔 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Molecules of water and salt can penetrate through the paint film. When they reach the metal surface the effect is worse than if the metal is uncoated. The answer = Pretreatment 水和盐分子可以渗透漆膜，一旦它们与金属表面接触，产生的影响甚至比没有喷水和盐分子可以渗透漆膜，一旦它们与金属表面接触，

7、产生的影响甚至比没有喷 涂还要糟糕。涂还要糟糕。 要解决这个问题就需要前处理。要解决这个问题就需要前处理。 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Pretreatment: 前处理前处理 The chemical conversion of the metal surface before applying the powder coating. The metal then resists corrosion and the conversion permanently improves the adhesion of the coating. 在使用粉末涂料以前用化学方法对

8、金属表面进行处理，可以改善耐腐蚀性和增在使用粉末涂料以前用化学方法对金属表面进行处理，可以改善耐腐蚀性和增 加涂层的附着力。加涂层的附着力。 Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 The performance of the powder coating is only going to be as good as the metal preparation. We will cover three types of metal treatment systems 粉末涂料的功能类似于金属处理，我们将介绍三种的金属处理方法粉末涂料的功能类似于金属处理，我们将介绍三种的金属处理方

9、法 Iron Phosphate for Steel用于铁系的磷酸铁用于铁系的磷酸铁 Zinc Phosphate for Steel用于铁系的磷酸锌用于铁系的磷酸锌 Chromate for Aluminium用于铝的铬酸盐用于铝的铬酸盐 Other systems can be used and information is available. 当然还有其它处理方法当然还有其它处理方法 Metal Preparation Iron Phosphate 金属处理金属处理 磷酸铁磷酸铁 Metal pretreatment can be applied by spray or dipping

10、. 金属前处理可以借助喷淋或浸渍金属前处理可以借助喷淋或浸渍 In the case of iron phosphate the process could look like this: 下面是磷酸铁的工艺流程下面是磷酸铁的工艺流程 Stages 1, 2 and 3 can be either spray or dip 步骤步骤1，2和和3均可采用喷淋或浸渍均可采用喷淋或浸渍 D R A I N D R A I N Stage 1 Clean & Phosphate Stage 2 Rinse Stage 3 Rinse & Seal Work Flow Metal Preparation

11、 Iron Phosphate 金属处理金属处理 磷酸铁磷酸铁 Typical 3 Stage System 典型的典型的3步骤流程步骤流程 Metal SubstrateSteel Phosphatising System 金属基材金属基材None Ferrous Clean and Etch Stage time duration1 90 seconds 不同步骤所需的时间不同步骤所需的时间2 45 seconds 3 30 seconds Stage temperature 1，2和和3步骤所需的温度步骤所需的温度40 60oC Drying/干燥温度干燥温度100 120oC Typi

12、cal concentration 2 3 % by volume 典型的浓度典型的浓度 Typical acidity典型的酸值典型的酸值pH 3.5 5.5 Typical coating weight 典型的膜重典型的膜重20 40 mg/ft. Metal Preparation Zinc Phosphate 金属处理金属处理 磷酸锌磷酸锌 Zinc Phosphate process for steel tends to be more complicated 磷酸锌的工艺流程复杂一些磷酸锌的工艺流程复杂一些 Stage 1 Clean Stage 2 Rinse Stage 3 P

13、hos- phate Stage 4 Rinse Stage 5 Rinse D R A I N D R A I N D R A I N D R A I N Metal Preparation 金属处理金属处理 Dwell Time : Each stage depends on: 各阶段所需的时间，受下面的因素控制各阶段所需的时间，受下面的因素控制 The amount of pretreatment chemical dissolved in water 溶于水的前处理化学药品的浓度溶于水的前处理化学药品的浓度 The age of the chemical 化学药品的有效时间化学药品的有

14、效时间 Regular checking is required to give consistent good results at least twice per shift. 通常要经常检查前处理的状态通常要经常检查前处理的状态一个班至少两次一个班至少两次 Metal Preparation Zinc Phosphate 金属处理金属处理 磷酸锌磷酸锌 Typical 5 Stage System 典型典型5步骤流程步骤流程 Metal SubstrateSteel Phosphatising System 金属基材金属基材None Ferrous Clean and Etch Stag

15、e time duration1 90 seconds 不同步骤所需的时间不同步骤所需的时间2 45 seconds 3 60 seconds 4 30 seconds 5 30 seconds Stage temperature温度温度40 60oC Drying干燥温度干燥温度100 120oC Typical concentration 典型浓度典型浓度2 4 % by volume Typical acidity1 = alkaline 酸碱性酸碱性2 = acidic Typical coating weight40 70 mg/ft. 典型的膜重典型的膜重 Metal Pretre

16、atment - BS 3189 Type 3 Spray Phosphate Plant 9 stage pretreatment 九步法九步法 Degrease脱脂脱脂 Rinse水洗水洗 Rinse水洗水洗 Rinse水洗水洗 Acid Etch (phosphoric acid)表调表调 Zinc Phosphate磷酸锌磷化磷酸锌磷化 Rinse水洗水洗 Rinse水洗水洗 De-ionised water去离子水水洗去离子水水洗 Dry 干燥干燥 Quality Standard BS6497 参考英国标准参考英国标准BS6497 Metal Pretreatment Qualit

17、y Control 金属前处理金属前处理 质量控制质量控制 Titration Checks: 检测项目：检测项目： 1. Cleaner 2. Rinses 3. Acid Concentration 4. Rinse 5. Phosphate Concentration and coating weight 7. Rinse 8. Observations Checked at regular intervals during normal production and before production commences 以上项目应在生产过程中定时和生产前进行检验以上项目应在生产过程中

18、定时和生产前进行检验 Metal Pretreatment Dry 金属前处理金属前处理 干燥干燥 To ensure metal surface is dry ready for powder coating. 在喷涂粉末涂料前必须保证金属工件已在喷涂粉末涂料前必须保证金属工件已 经完全干燥经完全干燥 Drying oven - Phosphate Plant Metal Preparation Chromate 金属处理金属处理鉻酸盐鉻酸盐 For aluminium chromate conversion 铝铝铬酸盐处理铬酸盐处理 British Standards exist for

19、the conversion of aluminium BS 6496 适用于铝的英国标准适用于铝的英国标准BS6496 The same conversion can be used for Galvanised steel-BS 6497 适用于电镀铁的英国标准适用于电镀铁的英国标准BS6497 Stage 1 Clean Stage 2 Rinse Stage 3 Etch Stage 4 Rinse Stage 5 Chrom- ate Stage 6 7 Rinse Stage 8 Demin Rinse D R A I N D R A I N D R A I N D R A I N

20、 D R A I N D R A I N Metal Preparation Chromate 金属处理金属处理鉻酸盐鉻酸盐 Typical 7 Stage System 七步法七步法 Metal SubstrateAluminium / Aluminium Alloys 金属基材金属基材Galvanised Steel Clean and Etch Stage 1Cleaning Stage 2Rinse Stage 3Deoxidise metal surface Stage 4Rinse Stage 5Chromate Stage 6Rinse Stage 7Acidulated Rin

21、se Stage Temperature80 100oC Drying90 95oC Do not overheat at the dry off stage 干燥温度不能过高干燥温度不能过高 Metal Preparation Chromate 金属处理金属处理鉻酸盐鉻酸盐 Chromate conversion to Aluminium and Galvanised steel 鉻酸盐处理完铝和电镀铁后的变化鉻酸盐处理完铝和电镀铁后的变化 Yellow Chromate ConversionTypical Coating 黄色鉻酸盐的变化黄色鉻酸盐的变化Weight (g/m2) Pale

22、 Yellow0.2 0.7 Gold0.7 1.6 Brown1.6 3.5 Green mix chromate/phosphate0.5 2.0 For Powder Coating a lightweight coating is recommended In the range 0.2 2.0 g/m2 应用于粉末涂料，膜重一般在应用于粉末涂料，膜重一般在0.20.22.02.0g/m2g/m2 Spraying and Application of Powder Coatings 粉末涂料的喷涂与应用粉末涂料的喷涂与应用 Powder Application Systems 粉末涂

23、料的应用系统粉末涂料的应用系统 Powder Application Systems Feed Systems 粉末涂料应用系统粉末涂料应用系统 供粉系统供粉系统 Direct feed system from Drum to Gun. 粉末涂料直接从粉桶送至喷枪粉末涂料直接从粉桶送至喷枪 The system shown feeds 1 gun 右图是只供一个喷枪的直接供右图是只供一个喷枪的直接供 粉系统粉系统 Powder Application Systems Feed Systems 粉末涂料应用系统粉末涂料应用系统 供粉系统供粉系统 Direct feed system direct

24、ly from a 25 kilo box. This system is set up to feed 2 guns. Used mainly in manual operations. 右图为直接从粉末涂料的包右图为直接从粉末涂料的包 装箱至喷枪的供粉系统。图装箱至喷枪的供粉系统。图 中的设备适用于两把喷枪，中的设备适用于两把喷枪， 通常用于人工喷涂。通常用于人工喷涂。 Powder Application Systems Feed Systems 粉末涂料应用系统粉末涂料应用系统 供粉系统供粉系统 Bulk feed system, powder is supplied in a fib

25、re bag. Weight of powder up to 1,000 kilos per bag. Used mainly on automatic plants where colour change is limited. 大型供粉系统，粉末涂料一般大型供粉系统，粉末涂料一般1吨一吨一 个包装，用于自动喷涂系统，限于换个包装，用于自动喷涂系统，限于换 色较少的场合。色较少的场合。 Powder Fluidisation Systems 粉末涂料流化系统粉末涂料流化系统 Dry air passes through a membrane giving the powder liquid

26、qualities. 干燥的空气通过微孔板，使粉末涂干燥的空气通过微孔板，使粉末涂 料象水一样流动。料象水一样流动。 The air must be dry and free from water and oil. 空气必须除水和油空气必须除水和油 Powder Delivery Systems 粉末涂料的传送系统粉末涂料的传送系统 Powder Delivery Systems 粉末涂料的传送系统粉末涂料的传送系统 Actual powder feed system Venturi feed from fluid bed. 右图是用文氏管从流化床吸取右图是用文氏管从流化床吸取 粉末的送粉系统

27、粉末的送粉系统 Forces at work on the Powder Particles At any one time 4 forces are at work on the powder particle as it travels from the gun to the earthed work-piece. 粉末在离开喷枪到达工件时受粉末在离开喷枪到达工件时受4 种力的影响种力的影响 -Air Resistance - Electrostatic Attraction -Weight (Gravity) - Aerodynamic Force Powder Charging Sys

28、tems There are 2 major categories in charging of powder coating corona and tribo: 粉末涂料主要有两种带电方法粉末涂料主要有两种带电方法静电静电/摩擦摩擦 Gun TypeCharge Location充电位置充电位置 InternalExternal Remote Powder SupplyXX Corona 静电法静电法Integrated Gun Powder SupplyXX Tribo 摩擦带电法摩擦带电法X Corona Charging Systems 静电带电系统静电带电系统 In this met

29、hod, a high voltage generator is used to charge an electrode at the tip which creates an electrostatic field (or corona) between the gun and the work-piece. 利用高压电极使粉末带电，并在喷枪与工件间形成电场利用高压电极使粉末带电，并在喷枪与工件间形成电场 External Charging System/外充电系统外充电系统 Corona Charging Systems 静电带电系统静电带电系统 Corona charging - man

30、ual system/手动枪手动枪 - automatic system/自动枪自动枪 Corona Charging Systems 静电带电系统静电带电系统 Internal Charging System 内充电系统内充电系统 Corona Nozzle Systems 静电枪的喷嘴静电枪的喷嘴 The type of product to Be coated will influence The nozzle to be used on the Spray gun, two types are shown Corona Nozzle Systems 静电枪的喷嘴静电枪的喷嘴 Conic

31、al Spray Nozzles used to give an evenly distributed film thickness over flat panels. 圆锥型的喷嘴一般用于喷涂平面，并得到圆锥型的喷嘴一般用于喷涂平面，并得到 膜厚均匀的涂层。膜厚均匀的涂层。 Interpon AF particle managed powder being applied on domestic appliances. 右图为右图为Interpon AF粉末涂料用于家用设粉末涂料用于家用设 备备 Corona Charging Systems 静电带电法静电带电法 v The high vo

32、ltage power supply charges the electrode v高压发生器使喷枪电极带电高压发生器使喷枪电极带电 v The concentrated charge creates an electrostatic field v带上电荷后形成静电场带上电荷后形成静电场 v The electrostatic field causes the air to ionize and generate a corona v静电场使空气电离形成电晕静电场使空气电离形成电晕 v The corona emits electrons v电晕放射出电子电晕放射出电子 v The elec

33、trons are picked up by oxygen molecules forming negative ions v这些电子借助氧分子形成负离子这些电子借助氧分子形成负离子 Corona Charging Systems cont. 静电带电法静电带电法 v The ions follow the field lines v负离子沿着电力线移动负离子沿着电力线移动 v The powder particles distort the field around them v粉末涂料粒子使周围的电力线产生扭曲粉末涂料粒子使周围的电力线产生扭曲 v The distorted field

34、lines direct ions to the powder particles v扭曲后的电力线引导离子被粉末涂料粒子吸附扭曲后的电力线引导离子被粉末涂料粒子吸附 v The ions bombard the powder particles and transfer the electrons giving the particles a negative charge v吸附的离子轰击粉末粒子，并使其带上负电，形成负极吸附的离子轰击粉末粒子，并使其带上负电，形成负极 Tribo Charging Systems 摩擦带电法摩擦带电法 Tribo electricity is gener

35、ated by the friction of one material on another. In Tribo charged spray guns, the powder rubs on a specially formulated and shaped surface which allows charge to transfer. 摩擦带电是通过不同物质摩擦形成的，摩擦枪可以使粉末与特殊设计并有特殊结构的表摩擦带电是通过不同物质摩擦形成的，摩擦枪可以使粉末与特殊设计并有特殊结构的表 面摩擦而带电面摩擦而带电 Tribo Charging Systems 摩擦带电法摩擦带电法 Trib

36、o Charging Systems 摩擦带电法摩擦带电法 Tribo nozzles in different configurations. 不同结构的摩擦枪喷嘴不同结构的摩擦枪喷嘴 Electrostatic Fluid Bed Systems 静电流化床法静电流化床法 Powder Penetration 粉末的吸附粉末的吸附 The picture shows the development of the corona (red dotted area). Articles passing through are charged with the negative ions (-).

37、 The charged powder particles are attracted to the earthed substrate. 右图显示了电场，电力线，粉右图显示了电场，电力线，粉 末的充电及被接地的工件吸附末的充电及被接地的工件吸附 过程。过程。 Powder Penetration 粉末的穿透粉末的穿透 Achieving penetration into deep recesses in most important when applying powder coating. 粉末涂料能否到达死角这对粉末涂粉末涂料能否到达死角这对粉末涂 料的应用来说很重要料的应用来说很重要

38、The most effective controls are the nozzle pattern And air assistance. 有效的控制方法是选择合适外形的喷嘴及调整辅助空气有效的控制方法是选择合适外形的喷嘴及调整辅助空气 It is possible to overcome the “Faraday Cage Effect” 现在，克服现在，克服“法拉第法拉第”效应已成为一种可能效应已成为一种可能 Powder Penetration 粉末的穿透粉末的穿透 Reducing the “Faraday Cage” Effect 减弱减弱“法拉第法拉第”效应效应 To reduc

39、e the effect it is necessary To assist in the creation of charged air Particles inside the recess. This should be彻彻 achieved by increasing the air stream. 可以借助加大传送空气的压力来减弱可以借助加大传送空气的压力来减弱“法拉第法拉第”效应效应 Faraday Cage Effect “法拉第法拉第”效应效应 A Faraday cage can technically be defined as an area within which t

40、here is no electrostatic field. In finishing, this term is applied more loosely, and generally refers to an area such as inside corners or cavities that are difficult to coat. The reason why these areas are difficult to coat is that the adjacent surfaces to the inside of the corner attract the elect

41、rostatic filed, therefore deflecting the powder from penetrating into the recessed areas. At the same time , this recessed area is difficult for the aerodynamic forces to penetrate into without blowing powder off already coated areas. 法拉第区域可以被认为是静电屏蔽区。实际应用中定义更宽松，通常是指法拉第区域可以被认为是静电屏蔽区。实际应用中定义更宽松，通常是指

42、死角和洞等难喷涂区域。难喷涂的原因是这些区域的外围吸引了电荷，这样粉末就死角和洞等难喷涂区域。难喷涂的原因是这些区域的外围吸引了电荷，这样粉末就 不能被吸附。不能被吸附。 另外，从空气动力学来将，输送空气将粉末吹至这些区域也很难。另外，从空气动力学来将，输送空气将粉末吹至这些区域也很难。 Back Ionisation 反弹效应反弹效应 A = powder attracted to the earthed component B = build up to correct film thickness C = ionised air within the powder film repels

43、 oncoming particles A = 粉末吸附在接地工件粉末吸附在接地工件 B = 形成合适的膜厚形成合适的膜厚 C = 在涂层上的离子云抵制吸附带有同类电荷的粉末在涂层上的离子云抵制吸附带有同类电荷的粉末 Powder Recovery Integrated System 粉末回收系统粉末回收系统 Integrated Spray / Recovery Booth System 完整的喷涂完整的喷涂/回收系统回收系统 Powder Recovery Systems 粉末回收系统粉末回收系统 Typical cartridge back- Pulse cleaning design.

44、 Used in cartridge Recovery systems. 典型脉冲自清理设计，典型脉冲自清理设计， 通常适用于桶状回收系统通常适用于桶状回收系统 Powder Recovery Systems 粉末回收系统粉末回收系统 Cyclone Recovery System The cyclone is used to separate the powder particles from the air. The air is driven round the sides of the cyclone, reducing in velocity and releasing the po

45、wder to be collected at the base. Fine powder is usually transported out of the cyclone on the air flow. 旋风分离器根据粒径分离粉末，空气沿旋风分离器根据粒径分离粉末，空气沿 着旋风分离器壁做圆周运动，速度渐渐着旋风分离器壁做圆周运动，速度渐渐 降低，并释放被收集的粉末至底部。细降低，并释放被收集的粉末至底部。细 粉通常会随流动空气离开旋风分离器。粉通常会随流动空气离开旋风分离器。 Powder Recovery Systems 粉末回收系统粉末回收系统 Fine powder is col

46、lected on a filter system in the “after filters”. The pneumatic air pulse ensures air flow is consistent and the fine powder collected for disposal. 细粉通过滤芯滤层被收集。有力的气体脉冲保证了空细粉通过滤芯滤层被收集。有力的气体脉冲保证了空 气流动的连续性及需被分离的细粉收集。气流动的连续性及需被分离的细粉收集。 Powder Recovery Systems 粉末回收系统粉末回收系统 A motor generates the air flow

47、. Ensuring the correct air volume and velocity is maintained. 电机提供流动空气，电机提供流动空气， 并保证气体流量和速并保证气体流量和速 度。度。 Powder in-line Sieving Systems 粉末过筛系统粉末过筛系统 Rotary In-Line Sieve 旋转筛旋转筛 Powder Vibrating Sieving Systems 震动筛震动筛 Vibrating sieves are designed to work either: - Free standing - In-line 震动筛适用于：震动筛适

48、用于： - 独立区域独立区域 - 流水线流水线 Powder Reciprocator Cycle 粉末喷涂的往复机构粉末喷涂的往复机构 Cycle Rate 往复速度往复速度 = No. Of Guns x Pitch of Guns x 60 喷枪数量喷枪数量x喷枪位置喷枪位置x60 Conveyor Speed (mm/min) 传送链速度（毫米传送链速度（毫米/分钟）分钟） This will ensure striations do not occur on the components being coated. 在喷涂中要保证不要形成带状涂层。在喷涂中要保证不要形成带状涂层。 A

49、pplication Practical 实际应用实际应用 Stoving and Curing of Powder Coatings 固化炉固化炉 及粉末涂料的固化及粉末涂料的固化 Types of Oven 固化炉的类型固化炉的类型 Convection energy is transmitted by air circulation to heat the components 对流对流 热量通过空气流动传送，加热工件热量通过空气流动传送，加热工件 Radiation energy is transmitted directly onto the parts without heatin

50、g air between the parts and the radiation source 辐射辐射 热量直接从辐射源被传送至工件而无需空气作媒体热量直接从辐射源被传送至工件而无需空气作媒体 Induction energy is transmitted through inducing electrical eddy currents that generate heat in the metal parts 感应感应 热量借助电流来传送来加热金属工件热量借助电流来传送来加热金属工件 The Baking Process 固化过程固化过程 The baking stage, durin

51、g which the powder coating melts, flows, gels and finally chemically reacts (cross- linking) and cures. It is critical to the performance of the coating that the temperature and time at temperature are maintained. Most baking ovens are designed to take the substrate through a pre-programmed time tem

52、perature profile. 固化过程包括粉末的熔融，流平，凝胶最后发生化学固化过程包括粉末的熔融，流平，凝胶最后发生化学 反应形成涂层。固化温度极其所占时间是非常重要的，反应形成涂层。固化温度极其所占时间是非常重要的， 大多数固化炉借助预先设置固化时间（温度曲线）来大多数固化炉借助预先设置固化时间（温度曲线）来 设计。设计。 Powder Application Radiation Stoving 粉末的辐射固化粉末的辐射固化 Gas fires Infra-Red oven used for industrial components. 左图为用于固化工业用品的瓦斯红左图为用于固化工

53、业用品的瓦斯红 外炉外炉 I-R emitters inside the oven cure the powder film when in direct line, as radiation energy. 右图为通过炉内红外右图为通过炉内红外 发生器（热源）固化发生器（热源）固化 粉末涂料粉末涂料 I-R is often used to boost the curing in front of a conventional air circulating oven. 红外热常常被用于传统的利用空气循环的固化炉的前段红外热常常被用于传统的利用空气循环的固化炉的前段 Powder Appli

54、cation Induction Stoving 粉末的感应固化粉末的感应固化 Pipes passing through an induction coil at between 12 - 15 ft/min. 管子通过感应圈（速度为管子通过感应圈（速度为12-15英尺英尺/分钟）分钟） Induction is extremely effective when curing powder coating applied to wire. 感应固化非常适和用于金属线的粉末涂料的固化感应固化非常适和用于金属线的粉末涂料的固化 Stoving Effects 固化程度固化程度 Problem S

55、olving 问题的解决问题的解决 Top 5 Problems with Application 使用中的五个主要问题使用中的五个主要问题 Differences in gloss between standard and coated parts - Understoved High gloss - Overstoved Low in gloss 。 在标准与喷涂的工件之间光泽不一样在标准与喷涂的工件之间光泽不一样 - 固化不完全固化不完全 光泽高光泽高 - 过度固化过度固化 光泽低光泽低 Differences in colour between parts - Film thickness differences - Us of 2 different products (from 2 suppliers) 喷涂的工件之间的颜色不同喷涂的工件之间的颜色不同 - 膜厚不同膜厚不同 - 使用不同的涂料（从两个供应商）使用不同的涂料（从两个供应商） Top 5 Problems with Application