完整版定语从句的归纳,推荐文档

1、高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳.几个基本概念1. 定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3. 定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4. 引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。（1）关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as（2 ）关系副词： when/where/why5. 引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】6. 引导词的功能（作用）：（1）连接先行词和定语从句。（2） 在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7. 定语从句的类型：（1） 限定性定语从句

2、（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。 直接由引导词引导定语从句The man who you re talking to is my friend. 由介词+关系代词（whom/which ）弓|导The man to whom you re talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：The man （who/

3、whom/that） I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace （which/that） I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th cen tury.=The palace to which I ofte n pay a visit was built i n the 17th cen tury.（2） 非限定性定

4、语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。 直接由引导词引导定语从句。 由介词+关系代词（whom/which ）引导。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree sta nding at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由代词/名词+of+whom/which 或of which/ whom +名词/代词（先行词指人用 whom

5、,指物用 which）弓丨导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、数词、分数 或百分比与 of whom 或 of which 连用。He has five childre n, two of whom are abroad.(比较： He has five childre n, and two of them are abroad.)We have three books, none of which is/are in terest ing.(比较： We have three b

6、ooks, but none of them is/are interesting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1. 在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2. 非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。The engin eer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）The engin eer whose leg was badly hurt was quick

7、ly sent to hospital.。指人做主语时只能（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3. 在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语，宾语都用which;关系副词用 when或where，也不能省略。The man,is sitting on the chair, is my father. He joined the Army yesterday,I left, too.The woma n,I met yesterday, is my En glish teacher.The city,is f

8、ar away, is very beautiful. He went to America,his pare nts live.4. whose引导非限定性定语从句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine.=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.=The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1. who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。

9、Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2. whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。Do you know the gen tlema n （whom/who/that） we met just now? 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom（指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom）。The man （whom/who/that） I spoke with is m

10、y teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.注： 固定的动词短语 （动词 +介词）女口 look for, take care of 等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl （who/whom/that） we are looking for.3. whose:指人或物，是所有格的形式。Whose+n.起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了， whose不能省略。 Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ wh

11、om+ the =n.I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken.（主语）He is the stude nt whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）The boss in whose compa ny I work is very kind.（介宾）4. which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。 当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which（指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which）。The house w

12、hich/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The games （that/which） the young men competed in were difficult.注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which（先行词指人用 whom ,指物用 which）。 5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“ the sameas；suchas：so as：as as: as follows” 固定结构中， 形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用 as代替 who（m）,which, 或 that耳丨

13、导定语从句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was hon est.Such people as Hill knew thought he was hon est.My hometow n is no Ion ger the same as it was.Here is so big a sto ne as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups （kno w）.I d like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is

14、not such a pers on as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数.Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the n ewspaper.She was terrified, as/which I co

15、uld see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was n atural.区别： as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which弓I导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was n atural. =As was n atural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great write

16、r. as引导的从句有正如、正像之意，而 which则无此意。常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know 等。 As we all know, paper was first made in China. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Our class has

17、won the football match, which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 从句含否定意义时常用which.She didn t pass the exam, which we couldn t expect.She didn t pass the exam, as we expected.6. when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。I still remember the tim

18、e when I joined the League.=I still remember the time on which I joined the League.=I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.7. where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。I still remember the school where I jo ined the League.=I still remember the school

19、 in which I jo ined the League.=I still remember the school (which/that) I jo ined the League in.注：对关系副词 when, where的认识。 .先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing. .先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday. .当句

20、型为It/This/That is(was) the first(second - last) time引起的句子时用 that连接其后的句子。此时的 time是次 数，不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a less on.8. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for whichI don t know the reason why he was la

21、te yesterday.The reas on why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。This is the reas on (that/ which) he gave/ expla ined to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：I will n ever forget the day (which/that) I spe nt in Hongkong.(spe nt是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此

22、用关系代词或省略)I will n ever forget the day whe n/on which Hongkong retur ned to its motherla nd.(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)The reason (that/which) he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn t believable.(gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)The reason why he didn t come to school yesterday isn t believable.

23、(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)三.值得注意的几个问题：第一.当先行词是物时，关系代词 (that/which) 只用 that 的情况。1. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.He is the first student that/who came to school today.2. 当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。He ta

24、lked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.3. 当先行词本身是 all的，用thato (all that=what)All that (what) I want to say to you is“ Thank you=All (what) I want to say to you is“ Thank youGo over all that (what) we lear ned.=Go over all (what) we learned. (that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)4. 先行词为 something

25、, anything, nothing, everything, thing 时，用 that.I ll tell you anything (that) I know.等修5. 当先行词前有 all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the n ext 饰语时。This is one of the books (that) I m very interesting in.This is one of the books in which

26、 I m very interesting.This is the only book (that) I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes play ing the pia no.All the glasses that were on the table fell off on to the floor.6. (人，物)，当先行词在以 who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用 that引导以避免混淆.Who is the man that is talk ing with the lady?Which of you that kn

27、ow the an swer can come to the front?7. 当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that.He likes the girl that she used to be.第二.当先行词是物时，关系代词 (that/which)只用which的情况。1. 作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.The room in which he lives is very large.2. 引导非限定性定语从句时(主，宾都用 which,都不能省略).Football, which is a very in teresti ng game, is played all over the

28、 world.The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.3. which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句.He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情况.1. 先行词是these, those指人时，关系代词只用who.Those who are play ing over there are my stude nts.2先行词是人称代词（he, she）时，关系代词只用 who.He who doesn t reach the Great Wall is n

29、ot a true man.3. 不定代词 some one, anyone, every one, no one, somebody, an ybody, everybody 作先行词时，关系代词用who.An ybody who breaks the rules would be puni shed.4. 先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（因为此时的 先行词是the only one,而不是of后的可数名词复数）.He is the only one of the boys that likes play ing th

30、e pia no.This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行词是one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因为此时的先行词是 of后的可数名词复数，而不是one）.This is one of the stude nts who are late.5. 当主句缺先行词时，用the one代替，但须注意：the one只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时，指什么用 什么.Is this school the one I visited yesterday?Is pop music the mu

31、sic he likes best?6. 当先行词是the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时（the way表以方式/方法），引导词通常用that或省 略，也可用in which .I don t like the way （that） you speak.=I don t like the way in which you speak.=I don t like the way （which/that） you speak in.【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1 .介词+which在定语从句中

32、分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。如：I stillremember the day on which （when） I first came to school. 我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which （=where） I work is a large one. 我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。This is the reason for which （=why） he was late.这就是他为什么迟至U的原因。2. 介词+which （指物）/ whom （指人）在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一

33、般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他来至U处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3. 介词+ which （指物）/ whom （指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或 介词后的名词所制约。如：Could you tell me for whom you ve bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？The man, f

34、rom whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得至U这消息的。4. 介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5. 不定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both, all, any

35、, some, each, none, most 等。如：There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6. 数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百 分数。如：In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty

36、-five of whom are girls. 我们班有 54 名学生， 25 人是女生。Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7. 名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which （=whose leaves） were black with disease我 看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken. 我

37、住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。&介词+ which （指物）/ whose （指人）修饰后边的名词。如：It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces. 雨下了一天一夜就在这期间轮船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。9. 形容词最高级+of+which/whom 结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。如：China has thousands

38、 of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我们班有 20 名女生，最聪明的是李华。10. 介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个定语从句。如：At last he had something about which to write home.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。He had no key with which to open the d

39、oor.他没有开门的钥匙。He has a small room in which to live.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。（先行词是 books，因此动词应用 were。）2. 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that代替先行词the mostbeautiful place在定语从句中作 visit的宾语，再加it就多余了。）The school where I worked there is a big one.The school where I worked is a big one.我所