完整版高中英语名词讲解及练习

1、 名词 一、名词的分类 等。专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 专有名词 抽象名词 不可数名词 物质名词 普通名词集体名词 可数名词 个体名词个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称 Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; N

2、ew Years Day 专有名词的第一个字母要大写注意：Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词 1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西 可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments 也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream 2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体 Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般

3、来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。 His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police. Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。 Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。 Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; de

4、tergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil 一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： 1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种” Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份) Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一种) 2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。 Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪) waters(海域) 4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、

5、品质、感情等抽象概念 Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc. 多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。 Eg: Hes learning French for fun. I wish you good luck. 抽象名词转化为可数名词。 1 Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念) As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a fail

6、ure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数) 二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。 例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。 可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种： 情况 加法 例词 一般情况-s 加brothers; schools 以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词 加-es buses; watches; dishes 以辅音

7、y结尾的词加-ies 去yladies; countries 结尾的词 以f或feves 把f/fe改成halves; leaves Notes: 1. stomach - stomachs 2. 以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys 3. 以-o 结尾的名词+ es在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o结尾的词+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo) 4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; be

8、liefs; chiefs handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。 不规则变化： 变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children ouse ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子） 有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; ss-crisecrisi a

9、um-medi medi phenomenon-phenomena; criterion-criteria; 单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle “某国人”的复数形式： ?单、

10、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, ?词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, ?变man为men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 但：German-Germans 复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 2.无主体名词的在词尾

11、加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者） 3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers ?boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students 2 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人/物) danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事/人) failure(失败)a fai

12、lure(一件失败的事/人) honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的/或事) pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事) success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人) surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事) pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事) worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事) experience(经验)an experience(一次经历) service(服务)a service(一个服务机构) 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称) a

13、machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称) a job(一件工作) work(工作) a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声) a permit(许可证) permission(允许) a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称) a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李) a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包) a hair(一根头发) hair(头发) 几个名词的特殊用法1. hair His hair is white.（他的头发是白的。） He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根

14、白的头发。） 2. fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. 3. police The police are searching for the murderer. dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people word（消息，通知）, man（人类）

15、，前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。 三、名词的格英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。 所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。 所有格的形式： 1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s：Marys book 2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加：Teachers Day, the students reading-room 3. 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格：Engelss works 或Engels works 4. 复合名词的所有格是在其

16、词尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion 3 5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加s, 如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers 6. 在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors 7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格：

17、todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations a dollars worth the earths surface waiting-room 8. 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时： the door of our classroom Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所

18、有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his 9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如： This is not my pen, but Marys. 10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系） room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth br

19、ush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语 parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns: 1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake. (为了友谊) 2.She was at her wits

20、end. （黔驴技穷） 3.Now they could sing at their hearts content. （尽情地） 4.We should get the children out of harms way. （不受损害） 5.We had best keep them at arms length. （保持距离） 6.For goodness sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上） 7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. （很合算） 1. The lion is considered the king of

21、the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot 4. H

22、e gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material 6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get r

23、ound London. 4 A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers 8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as

24、 it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers 11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. A. area B. plac

25、e C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _. A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results 13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 1

26、4. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . A. range B. reach C. control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up of many different _. A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities 16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. we

27、ather B. temperature C. season D. climate 17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. A. force B. energy C. power D. health 18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation 19. It ca

28、nt be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance 20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smok

29、e. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation 22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking 23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little childr

30、en. A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance 24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication 5 of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance 25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a four hour B. a four hours C.

31、a four-hours D. a four hours 26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance 27. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 28.

32、The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key. A. price B. prize C. reward D. money 29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens . A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place 30. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。 A. a

33、pproaches B. means C. methods D. ways 31. Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions 32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_。 A. date B. shape C. order D. balance 33. To mak

34、e members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values 34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _. A. solution B. target C. measure D. function 35. James took

35、 the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. A. room B. area C. field D. position 36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter 37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reach

36、ed 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year. A average B number C amount D quantity 38. After the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide _for the homeless families. A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble a

37、nd never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_. A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization 40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A. division B. area C. range D. circle 41. I havent seen Sara since she wa

38、s a girl，and she has changed beyond _ . A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D measure 42. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes. A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear 43. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a priva

39、te company. 6 A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter 44. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.” A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics 45. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A.

40、cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are 46. By all _, you must try every _ to help him. A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means 47. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him. A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so

41、a kind, friend 48. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens. A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of 49. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word 50. May I take your order now?” “Wed like three bla

42、ck _ and two green _.” A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas 51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair 52. Hi, this way, please. OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ wh

43、en I arrive at the crossroad. A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition 53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 54. I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by _. A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself 55. “Did you get _ to the party?” “Yes,