六级阅读理解100篇文本

1、NO.* 六级阅读理解100篇文本 Can the Computer Learn from Experience 计算机会总结经验吗 Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but alsochampionship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick formeasuring the computes progress in the ability to learn fromexperience.Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,c

2、hesswouldseemtobe perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to dois give the computer a program evaluating the consequences ofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerf

3、ul computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chessliterally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holdin

4、g that much data. 1N0.* NO.* Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situationin a word, to “think” fo

5、r itself . In fact, this can be done.Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chessplayers, but several have beaten human players of only slightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Butthey havegone on from there to reas

6、on and learn, and sometimes to win thegame.Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitf

7、ully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problemsinternational and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by

8、the joint efforts of human beings and 2N0.* NO.* truly intelligent computers . Notes check:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using12 piecesecology:therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系，生态Reading comprehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is _ A t

9、o win the world chess champion B to pave the way for further intelligent computers C to work out strategies for international wars D to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress 3N0.* NO.* 2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to _ A give trillions of reponses in a se

10、cond to each possible move and win the game B function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to winthe gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the rightresponse each time3 For a computer tothin , it is necessary to _ A man

11、ge to process as much data as possible in a second B program it so that it can learn from its experiences C prepare it for chess-playing first D enable it to deal with unstructured situations 4N0.* NO.* 4 The authors attitude towards the Defense Department is_ A critical B unconcerned C positive D n

12、egative 5 In the authos opinion,_A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventBserioushumanproblemsshouldtberegardedasplayingagameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers 1 b 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 d You Call This a Good Economy 这能称之为上佳经验 You have to h

13、ave lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced 5N0.* NO.* a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rulerather than the exceptionthat an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the income of a single breadwinner（养家糊口的人）. In 1955, when I

14、was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-gradeeducation, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a weekasa bookbinder.Mymother taught usfairness and compassion;myfather, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did thisgood econom

15、y go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, whichI take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce inthose years. It is at roughly ten times that price today. There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing afte

16、r-tax purchasing power. That is, my fathers bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662. To ordinary people, the economy doesnt look very good at all. After-tax incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. The 6N0.* NO.* jobs off

17、ered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth todays $7.50 before and after taxes.Notes1 Brooklyn: a district of New York c

18、ity2 inflate通货膨3 proxy: the authority to act for another 4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to each Reading Comprehension In the authors opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people can be expressed in terms of _ the amount of wage 7N0.* NO.* after-tax income the actual purchasing power

19、 the minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_there was not much difference in the living standards betweenpeople of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on oneperson income the income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying

20、 food for an average family the income was sufficient to support all the members Today a bookbinders wage is ten times that of the 1950s but 8N0.* NO.* its income tax rate has increased _ a.50 times b.60times c. 70 times d. 80 times 4 The worsening of a bookbinders livelihood results from _a. his lo

21、w education and the amount of wageb. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and higher prices 5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher_ a. the value of labor actually is shrinking b. the minimum wage level is incr

22、easing likewise c. the income tax rate is rising along 9N0.* NO.* d. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage 6 The authors tone in writing the article is_ a. ironical b. subjective c. high-sounding d. convincing7 the article aims to _.a. help control the rapidly increasing pricesb.

23、give some advice to the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic facts d.call upon the societys attention against inflation 1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 d 7 c Are Experts Always Right 专家总是对的吗 10N0.* NO.* The world has become so complicated that weve lost confidence in our ability to un

24、derstand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At timesyou just have to trust your own judgement.Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.I was reading abook oneday, idly scratching the back of

25、 my head, when I noticed that,inoneparticularspot,thescratchingechoedinsidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcarton,Irushedofftomydoctor.Gotaholeinyourhead,haveyou heteased.Isnothinjust one of those little scalp nerves sounding off Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was

26、 nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know somethings different.” “If you wont take my word for it,Ill take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said. 11N0.* NO.* Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in t

27、he back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”Its a good thing youre so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of these tumors because we dont know theyre there until it is too late.”mreallynotsosmart.Andmtoodocileinthefaceofauthority.Ishouldhavebeenmoreaggressivewiththos

28、efirstfourdoctors.Ishardtoquestionopinionsdeliveredwithabsolutecertainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the Britishprimeminister,waspositive,justbeforethestart ofWorldWarII, that there would bepeace for our time Producer IrvingThalbergdidnothesitatetoadviseLouisB.Mayeragainstbuyin

29、g the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here” We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When its an are

30、a we really know aboutour bodies, our families, our houseslets listen to what the experts say, then make up our 12N0.* NO.* own minds. Notes cardboard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboardof paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor肿eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye

31、 fitsdocile: easily managed or taught reading comprehension “It” in “deal with it”(para.1) refers to _ a. confidence b. the world c. ability d. complication 2. “Expertise” in para.1 means_ 13N0.* NO.* a. common sense b. expert skill or knowledge c. unusual ability to appreciate d. personal experienc

32、e3. We have to trust our own judgement since _a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes fail to give good advice d. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise 4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life

33、to learn that”(para. 2) refers to_ a. I can learn to trust my judgement 14N0.* NO.* b. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myself c. common sense is not as useful as knowedge d. expertise may not be reliable5 While reading one day, the author_a. found a hole at the back of his headb. heard a scra

34、tching sound from a cartonc. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratching d. noticed a sound coming out from his head 6 “tease” in paragraph 3 means_ a. to make fun of b. to comfort c. to reply d. to disbelieve 7 “if you wont take my word for it” in para.5 may be paraphrased_ 15N0.* NO.*

35、a. if you dont think my word is worth anything b. if you dont listen to my advice c. if you dot believe my judgementd. if you prefer actions to words8Skul in para.6 most probably means_a. the bony framework of the headb. the surface skin of the head c. the nerve system inside the head d. the top par

36、t of the head 9 The author didnt think he was smart(para.7)because_ a. he had already suffered for two years 16N0.* NO.* b. he had not been able to put up with the pain c. he had believed too much in expertise d. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself10 It happens that the examples given by

37、the author_a. all concern with warsb. are taken from modern American historyc. have become popular themes in movies d. have American Civil War as the background 11 In the last paragraph, the work ”intimidate” may mean_ a. deceive b. frighten c. make timid d. encourage 1 b 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 a

38、 9 c 10 a 11 c 17N0.* NO.* Just Call Me Mister 1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to PlaySpace, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing andsliding contraptions. Thers just one irritating detail: whenyou pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker anda

39、n adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.Frum I say.No, your first nameWhat do you need my first name for “To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.” “In that case, write Mr. Frum.” 2 At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaz

40、a Toro. 18N0.* NO.* 3 In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the practice of leaving a visitingcard.4Thershardlyasecreta

41、ryleftwhodoesnotreply,whenIgiveamessagefroherboss,lltellhimyoucalled,David Orapublic relations agent,whether inBangororBangkok, who doesnot begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerfulHello, David”5Youdothavetobeajournalisttocollectamazingfirst-namestories.Placeacollectcall,andtheoperatorfirst-namesyo

42、u. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order. 6 Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worse than uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I dont believe it. I f I asked the fast-food order-tak

43、ers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I wont go along with his story 19N0.* NO.* idea. No, its not friendliness that drives first-namers; its aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if the

44、y could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the banks chairman. Like the mock-cheerystaff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act ofbelittlement, an assertion of power disguised as go

45、od cheer.Notes1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets2 felt-tip marker软笔尖的颜色 3 adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌 4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English 5 Bangor:City of

46、 South central Maine 20N0.* NO.* 6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷 7 spiel(slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive 8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by thereceiver 9pressbaron:Baronisthelowestmalerankofnobility,buthereit stands for a

47、man with great power in press10 mock: simulated11 cheery:cheerful Reading comprehension The author apparently regrets_ having to take his children to PlaySpace 21N0.* NO.* being first-named being approached so frequently by PR agents having to put on an adhesive lapel tagP in paragraph6 stands for_a

48、. personal request b. personal respectc. public relations d. public review3 When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone_ a. he is usually very formal and faithful b. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking at the other end c. he finds people address each other formally 22

49、N0.* NO.* d. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message 4 He often finds secretaries _ a. irresponsible in answering phone callsb. trustworthy in passing messagesc. not only friendly but also carefuld. calling him David5 The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first nameis

50、 being_ a. cheerful b. friendly c. disrespectful d. light-hearted 6 “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_ a. as firmly fixed as b. as useless as c. as out of fashion as d.as unmistakenly as 23N0.* NO.* 7 Habitual first-namers claim amounts to saying_ a. theres nothing that can be worse

51、than high-spirited friendlinessb. their attitude should be acceptablec. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control chemselvesd. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger8Theso-calledhigh-spiritedfriendliness(para.6)isactually_ a. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in reality b

52、. out and out insult c. a well-accepted skill in public relations d. an act of outward warmth 24N0.* NO.* 9 “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means_ a. by all means b. in the end c. in a second d. in reality 10Iwotgoalongwit inparagraph6maybeparaphrasedasa. I wot believ b. I wot go on listenin.c. I wot a

53、gree wit. D. I wot stick t.1 b 2 c 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 b The Dvelopment of Civilization 1 The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although no body knows exactly when he acquired the use of the lat

54、ter 2 The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very 25N0.* NO.* gradually Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is appare

55、ntly a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became suffiviently intelligent, we must suppose thathefraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.It was a great day when he discovered hat speech could be usedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkinthis respectpicturelanguage preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture onthe wal