Economic accounting of resources environment and revise to GDP(英文版)

1、economic accounting of resources environment and revise to gdpsubject: business englishcatalogueabstract3introduction4body.41. accounting area of resources environment .52. material index of resources environment accounting.53. value index of resources environment accounting.64. value accounting of

2、resources environment.75. resources environmental factors on the revised gdp.7conclusion.8reference9economic accounting of resources environment and revise to gdp【abstract】current gdp is criticized because of not reflect the negative impact that brought from depletion and deterioration of resources

3、environment to national economy sustainable development. revised basic idea is: to national accounts as a starting point, use the effect of economic process to use the environment resources as the input of economic output and be accounted, finally find gdp that after adjusting for economic resources

4、 environment, the green gdp.【key words】gdp, the green gdp, value index of resources environment accounting, revise gdp has been advocated by keynes generation master of economics, it thought useful basis for reflect the supply, demand, unemployment and other issues in the economic order, is the most

5、 important indicator that measure if the country is progressive and the degree of progress. however, since 70s, with the sharply increasing of population, consumption of natural resources and increasing environmental damage, there is growing recognition that traditional gdp index system cant accurat

6、ely reflect a countrys economic, social and cultural progress and sustainable development level of ability, because it does not account for the negative economic impact of sustainable development by deforestation, environmental pollution, soil erosion, resource depletion and destruction of the ozone

7、 layer. not reflect the potential cost, potential benefits and eco-social, unable to handle the demographic, economic, social, environment and resource coordination problem, on the contrary, unlimited consumption on the environment become a powerful booster and source of power of gdp. this is contra

8、ry to the sustainable development theory. so active in the resource environment and economic accounting, serious depletion of resources and protection of the environments impact on gdp, improve this important indicator of the gdp of great significance.this study is only upholding the premise of sust

9、ainable development, with gdp but was directly related to the current gdp ignores the value of those resources and environment accounting and with the intrinsic link between gdp. in order to facilitate the collection of information and relatively accurately calculated, we will account for the conten

10、t of natural and environmental resources are divided into nine categories, namely mining and energy resources, land resources, water resources, forest resources, marine resources, grassland resources, wildlife resources, renewable resources and environmental resources, accounting again on this basis

11、 the cost of depletion of resources and the environment, resources, environment, loss cost, resources and environment restoration costs and the cost of renewable resources and environmental protection costs, resources and environment of the replacement cost and opportunity cost, and improve the inco

12、me, resources and environment (green income), which constitute the six indicators should directly adjust the value of gdp accounting system.i. material index of resources environment accounting1). mineral energy resources. main indicators: the amount of mineral energy resources, savings, extraction

13、volume and the volume of waste generated.2)land resources. main indicators: the number of depletion of arable land, land mass index, desertification and soil erosion index.3)water. main indicators: available surface and underground fresh water reserves in the depletion of the number of declining wat

14、er quality of freshwater resources, pollution and the degree of flooding.4). forest resources. key indicators are: forest area, forest harvest and harvest density, forest disaster area.5). marine resources. main indicators: coastal water quality, water pollution and the decline in the number of coas

15、tal biological resources.6). grassland resources. key indicators are: grassland, grassland depletion volume, lawn mass index, grassland degradation (particularly desertification and alkalization) the number of affected grass area.ii. the value index of resources environment accountingloss of materia

16、l resources and the environment (or improvement) can be carried out only through the summary reflects the accounting value, and enter the gdp system, and then make the appropriate amendment to the gdp. resources and environmental accounting of the value index system includes the following six areas:

17、(1) depletion of resources and environmental costs. is the result of production and consumption of life and natures own erosion, resulting in the total material resources and environmental depletion, depletion of the value of these amounts to reflect the cost depletion. of the depletion cost account

18、ing, the first nine substances should be the targets and indicators relevant statistics of detail (such as mineral energy resources can refer to the statistical classification standard developed by the ministry of geology and mineral, etc.), then according to statistics of the results account for th

19、e stock of resources and the environment, usage and volume depletion, and the corresponding value.(2) the loss of resources and environment costs. that is, the cost of environmental degradation of resources (degradation cost), is the result of irrational consumption on the environment or the lack of

20、 effective protection measures and human resources and the environment because of the pollution and damage to the deterioration of environmental quality of resources (down), while their sustainable development and caused direct economic losses and potential losses. the loss of the resources and the

21、environment cost accounting, can be the first indicators of the above statistics of nine categories, then the relevant functional departments of the government to develop the resources and environmental quality standards were analyzed and compared, identifying those resources and the environment doe

22、s not meet appropriate quality standards, exceeding or not what is the difference between compliance, quality of degradation on the environment related degree and extent of damage. (3) the cost of resources and the environment restoration and regeneration costs. recovery cost is the people in the de

23、velopment and utilization of resources and environment at the same time a pollution, destruction or loss of another one or more resources and environment, which is used to restore the pollution and damage to or loss of resources, the cost of true colors; regeneration cost is refers to the resources

24、and the environment restored to its original size and level of compensation should be measured and the value of the cost.(4) resources and environmental protection costs. is to ensure resources and the environment from man-made destruction, the forces of nature on the environment to minimize the dam

25、age, erosion, preserve resources and environmental quality has reached a certain level above the protective measures taken in response to that cost. (5) resources and environmental costs and opportunity costs of alternative. replacement cost refers to the development and utilization of non-renewable

26、 resources, people to substitute other resources required to pay additional costs associated, including research, development, construction costs of alternative resources. opportunity cost is the result of certain resources, restricted or prohibited sexual exploitation, and environmental protection

27、of resources on some related industries, industries and enterprises compression, adjust, shut down, resulting in idle resources, and opportunities for direct losses arising loss. iii. value accounting of resources environmenthow to measure the value of resources and the environment, is this an impor

28、tant issue to be resolved. in the western economic theory, the value of goods by fluctuations in supply and demand decisions, utility and scarcity value of the goods is necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation. resources and the environment as a special, and efficient use of, scarce res

29、ources, their economic value increasingly, the market value of a general sense, while the performance of outside of the non-market value; secondly, resources and environment is renlei the gongtongcaifu, it belongs to the contemporary people of different regions, but also of the future of humanity. t

30、herefore, the value of resources and the environment should be based on a space (eg. geographical) equity and time (ie intergenerational) equity basis. meanwhile, the special value of resources and the environment also showed: its value does not depend entirely on the economic exploitation and human

31、 use, its existence is a clear economic and non-economic functions. it is the versatility of resources and environment determine the value of its more. the value of resources and the environment not only on the satisfaction of human needs and interests, but also all living things on earth to satisfy

32、 the needs and interests of the whole system and the earths biosphere perfect sound to meet the needs and interests. so its value is inherent, not entirely dependent on people to judge and evaluate. nature constantly in the production of the things must exist prior, and the existence of the creator

33、is the first. according to the modern resources and environmental economics, there are three parts of the value of resources and environment: the actual use value, option value and existence value. (1) real value, including direct use values and indirect use value. direct use value refers to the res

34、ources and the environment can be directly used in the production process and consumption process of economic value. some of them can be directly in the market, such as the value of mineral resources, timber value, water resource value; some even can not be directly applied to market prices, but the

35、y can be used directly to estimate the market value. indirect use value refers to the resources and the environment is not directly used in the production and consumption of economic value, they do not directly market price, its value can only be indirectly demonstrated. this indirect use value can

36、be have not used to indirectly measure, which envisions the absence of such resources, the environment, to achieve the same effect by other methods needed to estimate the value of inputs. (2) option value refers to the people to preserve or protect a resource environment for future use made of pre-p

37、aid. option value is still a value, but whether it is a measure of future direct or indirect use value, to ensure that the case of an uncertain future supply of resources and the environment. (3) value is the peoples resources and environment in the presence of a willing to pay the amount of resourc

38、es and the environment to natural methods, is performed out of jia zhi exist, it is a kind of ecological value. value can be accepted by the investigation will or will pay to measure. natural landscape areas such as the u.s. grand canyon, the survey calculated to protect the benefits of this landsca

39、pe, according to willingness to pay the amount of 78 billion u.s. dollars.iv. resources environmental factors on the revised gdpresources and environmental factors on gdp revised basic idea is: the national accounts as a starting point, the economic process on the environments role as the economic o

40、utput of the input be accounted for, obtained by a countrys current resources and the environment after adjusted gdp, that is green gdp. the adjustment of the basic principles are: 1. as the current mineral energy resources, water resources, forest resources, the market price does not include resour

41、ces, equity prices, the time adjustment factor adjustment coefficient and the environment, resources, price is significantly lower, thereby reducing the cost of the enterprises resource consumption, inflated the company profits, this part of the inflated profits deducted from gdp. 2. depletion of re

42、sources and the environment means that the original accumulation of social wealth, the net reduction in the increased value is virtual and must be deducted from gdp. the formula is as follows: current resources and environment resources depletion volume = beginning of environmental assets + current

43、increase in resources and environmental assets - current consumption of resources and environmental assets. according to current environment, depletion of different resources, the amount multiplied by the corresponding price or value of resources and the environment, namely the kinds of resources, t

44、he economic value of environmental depletion, the total amount deducted from current gdp. 3. the loss of environmental resources, the cost of resources and environmental quality from deterioration or decline caused, it leads directly to reduction in the accumulation of social wealth, should be deduc

45、ted from gdp. the formula is: current cost of a loss of resources and the environment of the kinds of resources = current environmental degradation or decreased quality and quantity of resources and environment corresponding market price or the price or estimated price of ecological due to natural d

46、isasters, economic losses, should be a specific analysis. for example, the 1998 yangtze river, songhua river and nen river valley flood outbreak, the direct economic losses of 255 billion yuan (china daily, 1999), because of this flood is a hundred years, the direct losses due to natural disasters,

47、so that the amendment to the gdp loss amortization approach can be taken, that a certain number of years, the average share in losses each year gdp, and deducted from that years gdp. but on the other the normal loss of natural disasters such as typhoon damage, the loss of red tide, geological disast

48、er losses in the year should be a direct deduction of gdp. 4. resources and the environment restoration costs, recycling costs and protection costs, as these costs occur, and did not lead to the improvement of resources and environmental quality or quantity increase, and only to make resources and e

49、nvironment to maintain or restore to the original level, so that it does not create new social wealth. the current gdp accounting process, put the cost of such restoration, regeneration cost and the protection costs are included in the gdp, the greater the formation of disaster recovery more inputs

50、can be driven higher gdp growth in the cycle, seems to be beneficial to the disaster, no wonder 1998 dahong disaster, some scholars to demonstrate the reconstruction of the pulling effect of the gdp. therefore, this part of the input costs must be deducted from gdp. of course, on resources and envir

51、onment to take the restorative, protective measures, not all simple repair, regeneration, and will be improved on the original basis, to improve, for this part of the investment, should not be deducted from gdp,. 5. resources and environment of the replacement cost and opportunity cost are for the p

52、rotection of resources from depletion and deterioration of the environment occurs, a value of sacrifice, in the course of the current gdp accounting has been a true and properly reflected, therefore, no need for further adjustment. 6. improve the income, resources and environment (green income) is d

53、ue to increase in the number of resources and environmental quality improvement brought about, is the net increase in national wealth, should be a positive factor affecting gdp - an increase of entry. in summary we can conclude that: a revised gdp = gdp-existing resources and the environment due to

54、join the equity price, the time adjustment factor, the environment adjustment coefficient and reduced profits - depletion of resources and environmental costs - the loss of resources and environmental costs - resources environmental restoration costs, recycling costs and protecting the environment a

55、nd resources to improve cost + income. conclutionas a current international research is still in the exploratory phase of the topics at the forefront of national accounts, this study is broad-brush, and only gives a general framework. the following also need to emphasize a few related issues.1. gree

56、n gdp accounting are not used to replace the current gdp, but the green gdp as the current gdp, an important supplementary indicators, gdp amendment and improvement of existing play an important role. although this amendment and require the help of more integrated sound, virtual estimation technique

57、s, there are still many difficulties in the operation, but we should take a series of steps (even if they are imperfect) to improve existing work, and not to concentrate solely limited to the imperfect nature of the attack on the crack of doom. 2. 2. as the resources of many environmental factors, m

58、easurement is extremely complex, reference resources, a leading national environmental and economic accounting experience, such as industrialized countries, the u.s. defense expenditure data on the environmental establishment, the french account of natural heritage, norway on oil, forests, fisheries and other important resources accounting; and if the developing countries of mexico on oil depletion, the degradation of environmental assets, deforestation and land consumption accounting, etc., combined w