Systemic review课件

1、Systemic review- CAM for eye problems -,1. Antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplements to prevent the development of age-related macular degeneration,Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Published Online: June 13, 2012,Background: There is inconclusive evidence from observational studies to suggest that people

2、who eat a diet rich in antioxidant vitamins (carotenoids, vitamins C and E) or minerals (selenium and zinc) may be less likely to develop age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objectives: To examine the evidence as to whether or not taking antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplements prevents the de

3、velopment of AMD.,Search strategy: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 12) MEDLINE (January 1950 to January 2012) EMBASE (January 1980 to January 2012) Open Grey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe

4、) (www.opengrey.eu/) the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-) ClinicalT () WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (/ictrp/search/en). There were no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials

5、. The electronic databases were last searched on 26 January 2012.,Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an antioxidant vitamin and/or mineral supplement (alone or in combination) to control. Data collection and analysis: Both review authors independently a

6、ssessed risk of bias in the included studies and extracted data. One author entered data into RevMan 5 and the other author checked the data entry. We pooled data using a fixed-effect model.,Main results: We included four RCTs in this review; 62,520 people were included in the analyses. The trials w

7、ere conducted in Australia, Finland and the USA and investigated vitamin E and beta-carotene supplements. Overall the quality of the evidence was high. People who took these supplements were not at decreased (or increased) risk of developing AMD. The pooled risk ratio for any antioxidant supplement

8、in the prevention of any AMD was 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.08) and for advanced AMD was 1.05 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.39). Similar results were seen when the analyses were restricted to beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol alone.,Authors conclusions: There is accumulating evidence that taking v

9、itamin E or beta-carotene supplements will not prevent or delay the onset of AMD. There is no evidence with respect to other antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin C, lutein and zeaxanthin, or any of the commonly marketed multivitamin combinations. Although generally regarded as safe, vitamin supp

10、lements may have harmful effects and clear evidence of benefit is needed before they can be recommended. People with AMD should see the related Cochrane review Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration written by the same review team.

11、,2. Antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplements to slow down the progression of age-related macular degeneration,Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Published Online: November 14, 2012,Background: It has been proposed that antioxidants may prevent cellular damage in the retina by reacting with free radicals th

12、at are produced in the process of light absorption. Higher dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplement

13、ation on the progression of AMD in people with AMD.,Search strategy: CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 8) Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 19

14、46 to August 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to August 2012), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) (January 1985 to August 2012), OpenGrey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) (www.opengrey.eu/), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-), ClinicalTrials

15、.gov () and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (/ictrp/search/en) We contacted investigators and experts in the field for details of unpublished studies. We also searched for systematic reviews of harms of vitamin supplements.,Selection c

16、riteria: We included randomised trials comparing antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplementation (alone or in combination) to placebo or no intervention in people with AMD. Data collection and analysis: Two authors assessed risk of bias and extracted data from the included trials. Where appropriate,

17、we pooled data using a random-effects model unless three or fewer trials were available in which case we used a fixed-effect model.,Main results: Thirteen trials (6150 participants) were included in this review. Over half the participants (3640) were randomised in one trial (AREDS in the USA), which

18、 found a beneficial effect of antioxidant (beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E) and zinc supplementation on progression to advanced AMD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.87) over an average of 6.3 years. People taking supplements were less likely to lose 15 or

19、 more letters of visual acuity (adjusted OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.96). The other trials, in general, had shorter follow-up (less than two years). No evidence for an effect of supplementation was seen in these smaller trials of shorter duration.,Overall we considered the strength of the evidence to

20、be moderate. We did not consider included trials, in general, to be at risk of bias, although we found it difficult to assess reporting biases. The main reason for downgrading the strength of the evidence was because, for several analyses, only one trial was included and therefore consistency of the

21、 findings could not be assessed. The included trials reported the following adverse effects: hospitalisation for genito-urinary problems was more common in people taking zinc and yellowing of skin was more common in people taking antioxidants. Systematic searching of the literature identified other

22、potential harms of vitamin supplementation, in particular an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers associated with beta-carotene supplements, but we were unable to identify a good systematic review of the evidence for harms of nutritional supplementation.,Authors conclusions: People with AMD may

23、experience delay in progression of the disease with antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation. This finding is drawn from one large trial conducted in a relatively well-nourished American population. The generalisability of these findings to other populations is not known. Although generally r

24、egarded as safe, vitamin supplements may have harmful effects. A systematic review of the evidence on harms of vitamin supplements is needed.,3. Use of Gingko biloba, an extract from the leaves of the maidenhair tree, for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration,Evans JR Published

25、 Online: January 31, 2013,Background: Ginkgo is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and cerebral insufficiency. It is thought to have several potential mechanisms of action including increased blood flow, platelet activating factor antagonism, and prevention of membrane damage cause

26、d by free radicals. Vascular factors and oxidative damage are thought to be two potential mechanisms in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objectives: The objective of this review was to determine the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the progression of AMD.,Search strategy: C

27、ENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 10), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to October 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to October 2012), Allied a

28、nd Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) (January 1985 to October 2012), OpenGrey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) (www.opengrey.eu/), metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-), ClinicalT () and the WHO International Clinical Tria

29、ls Registry Platform (ICTRP) (/ictrp/search/en). We searched the reference lists of identified reports and the Science Citation Index. We also contacted investigators of included studies for additional information.,Selection criteria: All randomised trials in people with AMD where Ginkgo

30、biloba extract had been compared to control were included. Data collection and analysis: The review author extracted data using a standardised form. The data were verified with the trial investigators. Trial quality was assessed.,Main results: Two published trials were identified that randomised a t

31、otal of 119 people. In one study conducted in France, 20 people were randomly allocated to Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 80 mg twice daily or placebo. In the other study conducted in Germany, 99 people were randomly allocated to two different doses of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (240 mg per day an

32、d 60 mg per day). Treatment duration in both studies was six months. Both trials reported some positive effects of Ginkgo biloba on vision however their results could not be pooled. Adverse effects and quality of life for people with AMD were not reported.,Authors conclusions: The question as to whe

33、ther people with AMD should take Ginkgo biloba extract to prevent progression of the disease has not been answered by research to date. Two small trials have suggested possible benefit of Gingko biloba on vision and further trials are warranted. Ginkgo biloba is widely used in China, Germany, and Fr

34、ance. Future trials should be larger, and last longer, in order to provide a more robust measure of the effect of Gingko biloba extract on AMD.,4. Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration,Lawrenson JG, Evans JR. Published Online: November 14,

35、 2012,Background: Evidence from animal models and observational studies in humans has suggested that there is an inverse relationship between dietary intake of omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or progressing to adva

36、nced AMD. Objectives: To review the evidence that increasing the levels of omega 3 LCPUFA in the diet (either by eating more foods rich in omega 3 or by taking nutritional supplements) prevents AMD or slows the progression of AMD.,Search strategy: CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision

37、 Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 4) MEDLINE (January 1950 to April 2012) EMBASE (January 1980 to April 2012) Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to April 2012) metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-), ClinicalT

38、 () and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 26 April 2012.,Selection criter

39、ia: We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where increased dietary intake of omega 3 fatty acids was compared to placebo or no intervention with the aim of preventing the development of AMD, or slowing its progression. Data collection and analysis: Both authors independently scree

40、ned titles, abstracts and full-texts of articles to identify studies for inclusion and analysis.,Main results: No trials met the selection criteria. The results of a large, multi-centre, randomised trial (AREDS2) that will assess the effects of oral supplementation with omega 3 LCPUFA on progression

41、 to advanced AMD are expected in 2013. Two further trials are also ongoing. Authors conclusions: Until data from RCTs become available for analysis, there is currently no evidence to support increasing levels of omega 3 LCPUFA in the diet for the explicit purpose of preventing or slowing the progres

42、sion of AMD.,5. Antioxidant vitamins for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract,Mathew MC, Ervin A-M, Tao J, Davis RM. Published Online: June 13, 2012,Background: Age-related cataract is a major cause of visual impairment in the elderly. Oxidative stress has been implicated i

43、n its formation and progression. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation has been investigated in this context. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract.,Search strategy: CENTRAL (which contains the C

44、ochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 2) MEDLINE (January 1950 to March 2012) EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2012) Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to March 2012) Open Grey (System for Information on Grey Lite

45、rature in Europe) (www.opengrey.eu/), metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-), ClinicalT () and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (/ictrp/search/en). There were no date or language restrictions in the electron

46、ic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 2 March 2012. We also checked the reference lists of included studies and ongoing trials and contacted investigators to identify eligible randomized trials.,Selection criteria: We included only randomized controlled trials in whi

47、ch supplementation with one or more antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E) in any form, dosage or combination for at least one year was compared to another antioxidant vitamin or to placebo. Data collection and analysis: Two authors extracted data and assessed trial quality in

48、dependently. We pooled results for the primary outcomes, i.e., incidence of cataract and incidence of cataract extraction. We did not pool results of the secondary outcomes - progression of cataract and loss of visual acuity, because of differences in definitions of outcomes and data presentation. W

49、e pooled results by type of cataract when data were available. We did not perform a sensitivity analysis.,Main results: Nine trials involving 117,272 individuals of age 35 years or older are included in this review. The trials were conducted in Australia, Finland, India, Italy, the United Kingdom an

50、d the United States, with duration of follow-up ranging from 2.1 to 12 years. The doses of antioxidant vitamins were higher than the recommended daily allowance. There was no evidence of effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in reducing the risk of cataract, cataract extraction, progression

51、of cataract or in slowing the loss of visual acuity,In the pooled analyses, there was no evidence of effect of beta-carotene supplementation in reducing the risk of cataract (two trials) (relative risk (RR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.08; n = 57,703) or in reducing the risk of catar

52、act extraction (three trials) (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.10; n = 86,836) or of vitamin E supplementation in reducing the risk of cataract (three trials) (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.04; n = 50,059) or of cataract extraction (five trials) (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.05; n = 83,956). The proportion of pa

53、rticipants developing hypercarotenodermia (yellowing of skin) while on beta-carotene ranged from 7.4% to 15.8%.,Authors conclusions: There is no evidence from RCTs that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin C or vitamin E) prevents or slows the progression of age-related

54、cataract. We do not recommend any further studies to examine the role of antioxidant vitamins beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E in preventing or slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Costs and adverse effects should be weighed carefully with unproven benefits before recommending thei

55、r intake above recommended daily allowances.,6. Acupuncture for near-sightedness in children,Wei ML, Liu JP, Li N, Liu M. Published Online: September 7, 2011,Background: Myopia (near-sightedness or short-sightedness) is one of the three commonly detected refractive (focusing) errors. Acupuncture is

56、the stimulation of acupuncture points by various methods including needle insertion and acupressure. It is often used by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners to treat myopia in children. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in slowing the progression of myopia in c

57、hildren and adolescents.,Search strategy: CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 7), MEDLINE (January 1950 to July 2011), EMBASE (January 1980 to July 2011), the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) (January 1985 to

58、July 2011), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (January 1982 to July 2011), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-), ClinicalT (), the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) (The f

59、irst issue to August 2010), the Chinese Biological Medicine Database (CBM) (1978 to April 2011), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1994 to April 2011) VIP (1989 to April 2011). There were no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, LILACS, mRCT and ClinicalT were last searched on 9 July 2011. NCCAM was searched up to August 2010 and CBM, CNKI, and VIP were last searched on 6 April 2011.,Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that include