英国文学选读复习资料

1、Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: Englands national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: using alliteration using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most gr

2、eatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucers realism, trencha

3、nt irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. 乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，他将自己的讽刺艺术和宽广视野展现的淋漓尽致，使该作品在16世纪前的英国独树一帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见

4、。Part II The Renaissance（文艺复兴）1.时期：during the 16th century（1550-1642）2.国家：Greek and Roman. Also England in drama.3.定义：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.4.类型：drama and canto（诗章）.5.key work: humanism - admire

5、human beauty and human achievement. Thomas More- Utopia in 1516. Francis Bacon- the great English scientist and philosopher. Christopher Marlowe- the greatest of the pioneers of English drama Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙斯宾塞)-The Faerie Queene（仙后）Chapter 5 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. He is the greatest o

6、f English authors, the worlds pre-eminent dramatist.2. One of the first founders of realism.3. A master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.4.四大悲剧: Hamlet Othello King Lear The Tragedy of Macbeth.5.创作阶段: comedy:1590-1600tragedy:1601-1608tragicomedies:1609-1612 22年写了37plays,

7、2 narrative poems,154sonnets.6. Hamlet: It is the profoundest expression of Shakespeares humanism and criticism of contemporary world. The character of Hamlet. 1. A humanist, free from prejudices and superstitions. Loving the world instead of the heaven. 2. Treat people with love. Disgusted with unc

8、les drunkenness. Shocked by mothers shallowness. 3. Intellectual genius. Close observer. “ Denmark is a prison”. 4. The melancholy of Hamletthe key note of Hamlets character. He is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. Contrast is an important structur

9、al principle in Hamlet. Shakespeares plays are generally well-organized, with harmony and order disbalanced at the beginning, social conflicts sharpened in the middle and harmony and order restored at the end. Themes: Hypocrisy, treachery of the royal court and of the society as a whole. Revenge the

10、me (Justice by violence) Lack of faith v. love The doom of ambition The tragedy of Hamlet: An individual v. mighty evil force of the whole society7. The merchant of Venice is not tragedy.8. sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee(你) to a summers day? 1-4起，5-8承，9-12转，13-14合. simile, rhetoric question, alliter

11、ation, personification, couplet(对偶).Themessageisthatinthisworldnobeauty(inNature)canstayexceptpoetryorart;andyourbeautycanonlylastifIwriteitdowninmypoetry.Alsonoticetheloveplay.Apparentlythepoetisaddressingamanofhisheart,thewooingsoundsmorelikeagameplaythananythingrealandsincere.Thelovehereistoocond

12、itionaltobegenuine. Structure: Proposal (line1-2) Argument (line3-12) Conclusion (line13-14)Chapter 6 Francis Bacon-essayist1. Bacons works may be divided into three classes. The most important are the Essays. the philosophical-the advancement of learning the literary-essays the professional works-m

13、axims of the law and reading on the statute of uses.2. The essays of Bacon are so highly esteemed.3. ”Great Place” is the Bacons worldlywise philosophy.4. Of Studies main idea: the text is that of 1;.652 editions. uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue st

14、udies.5. writing style: brevity, compactness, powerfulness, well-arranged.Part III The period of Revolution and Restoration（资产阶级革命与王政复辟）1.The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous(动荡)periods in England.2.文学特点：The Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to breaking up of old ideas. In the absenc

15、e of any fixed standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poets(玄学派)。Poetry took new and startling form. After that prose became somber(忧郁). John Milton-the indomitable Puritan spirit found its noblest expression.(约翰弥尔顿充分体现了清教徒不屈不挠的精神) Restorat

16、ion(王政复辟) created a literature of its own, which was often witty(机敏) and clever, but on the whole immoral(颓废) and cynical(愤世嫉俗). The most popular work was comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats(贵族). John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished liter

17、ary figure of that time.Chapter 8 John Milton1.Paradise Lost presents the authors view in an allegoric religious form(宗教讽喻的形式)，and readers will easily discern its basic idea-the exposure(揭露) of reactionary(反革命) forces of his time and the passionate appeal for freedom.2.It consists twelve books. It i

18、s marked for its intricate(结构复杂) and contradictory composition.Part IV The Age of Enlightenment(启蒙运动)-prose（散文时代）背景： 1.The Revolution of 1688, marked the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England. They have two parties: the liberal Wigs(自由派辉格党) and the conservative Tories(保守派托利党). 2.

19、The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie(资产阶级) against feudalism(封建主义). The enlighteners fought against class inequality(阶级不平等)，stagnation(停滞)，prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3.The enlighteners repudiate(颠覆) the false religious doctrine

20、s about the viciousness(邪恶) of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved(腐败), it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.流派：the reign of so called Classicism(古典主义)、the revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、the beginnings of the modern n

21、ovel(刚启萌的现代派小说).主要人物：Alexander Pope, his contribution to the theory and practice of prosody: elaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works(精心设计诗歌格式) and made popular the heroic couplets(英雄双韵体诗歌)-five foot iambics rhymed in couplets(五步抑扬格对偶句)Daniel Defoe-Robinson Crusoe(1719), it was

22、 one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet-the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel.SamuelRichardson-Pamela-Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis(心理分析的方法)Jonathan Swift-the most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenme

23、nt in England. He ruthlessly exposed the dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois relationships.The middle of the 18th century in England came a new literary current-sentimentalismThe latter half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义). It had a reaction against the Enlightenment, m

24、ostly in “Gothic novel”(哥特式小说)The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel, it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called “ a novel of horrors”.Chapter 10 Daniel Defoe1.He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern nove

25、l.(开创了现代派小说的先河)2.Robinson Crusoe-head the list of modern fiction-an adventure story.3.60岁因鲁滨逊漂流记走红。4.works: Captain Singleton, Duncan Campbell, Memoirs of a Cavalier-1720Colonel Jack, Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year(amazing realistic) -1722The Political History of the Devil-1726Chapter 1

26、1 Jonathan Swift1. the tale of a tub(木桶的故事) and Gullivers Travels(格列弗游记)-the greatest satires in the English language.2. the tale of a tub-a satire on the various churches of the day. 1704 published with The Battle of the Books(书战)。3. Gullivers Travels-comprise the extraordinary adventures of Doctor

27、 Gulliver. Also has fantastic lands visited by him, their social systems, ways and customs of their inhabitants.4.The features of this book: no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculo

28、ur gets the better of him.(怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态.)5.A Modest Proposal- is made to English government to relieve the poverty of Irish people. The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swifts great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at Englis

29、h landlord(地主) (强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫.)书p189Chapter 13 Henry Fielding1. He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.2. Jonathan Wild (1743) -the story of a rogue which suggested Defoes

30、narrative The History of Tom Jones a Founding (1749) -his best work Amelia (1751) -a story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.Part V The Romantic PeriodWith the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads （抒情歌谣集）(1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge（ST柯勒律治） .Ro

31、manticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution（工业革命）and the French Revolution（法国大革命）It was amid these social conflicts that Romanticism arose as a main literary trend ,which prevailed in England from 1798 to

32、 1832. It began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads and ended with Walter Scotts death(1832).（浪漫主义作为一股新的主流文学潮流兴起，并在1798-1832年间进入兴盛时期。1798年华兹华斯的抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义文学的开始，1832年沃尔特司各特的去世则标志着浪漫主义文学的中介）Chapter 19 William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth (17701850)威廉华兹华斯1.his life：His love for nature is boundl

33、ess. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment（体现） of the Divine（神圣的） Spirit. He believes the God and universe are identical.2,his work: Most works are about nature and co

34、untry life.Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey延腾寺 It is a meditation思考 on his mental grownup.She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西I Travelled among Unknown Men我在陌生人中孤独旅行I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云： itsabout the beauty of nature. There is vivid picture of the daffodil

35、s here, mixed with the poets philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.Sonnet :Composed upon Westminster Bridge,September 3,1802在西敏寺桥上Sonnet :London 1802伦敦，一八二年The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。Chapter 20 George Gordon ,Lord ByronGeorge Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦爵士（1788-1824）His works

36、：When We Two Parted 想从前我们俩分手She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中 Sonnet on Chillon 咏锡雍Childe Harolds pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan唐璜Chapter 21 Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)珀西比希雪莱He was rebellious（反抗的）from a very young age. He was a person of extreme personality. He wrote about the unive

37、rse, lark（宇宙） sky.His works:Ozymandias 奥西曼迪亚斯A Song: “Man of England” 给英格兰人的歌Ode to the West Wind 西风颂 If Winter comes ,can Spring be far behind?（如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？）The cloud 云 To a Sky-Lark致云雀 Chapter 22 John KeatsJohn Keats约翰济慈（17951821）His works:On First Looking into Chapmans Homer 初读查普曼译荷马诗有感Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂 Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂To Autumn 秋颂Bright Star灿烂的星Chapter 24 Jane AustenJane Austen（1775-1817）简奥斯丁Jane Austen completed six novel, Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺, Sense and sensibility理智和情感, Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 ,Mansfield Park(1814)曼斯菲尔德公园, Emma爱玛, and Persuasion(1818)劝