初中英语语法名词篇(附习题和答案)

1、中考英语语法(名词篇)语法总述：词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morni ng, ball, class, oran ge, clock,合成名词： 8-year-olds,groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail,2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。女口： good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, far

2、,合成形容词： 8-year-old, hard-work ing,4、数词(num.):表示数量或事物的顺序。基数词：one, two, three, hundred,序数词：first, second, third,量词：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of, six pairs of,5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。系词：am, is,are,半系词：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay,taste, smell, turn,实意动

3、词：have, see , think, beat, walk,助动词：辅助动词构成否定、疑问等语气，辅助东西构成时 态语态等。女口： be, do, does, did, will, can, should, may,6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。女口： now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really,7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8 介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。女口 in, o

4、n, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短语介词：n ext to, i n front of, at the age of,9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。女口 and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, uni ess,until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if,10、感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如： oh, well, hi, hello2、句子

5、成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。 通常用名词或代词担任。女口 ： I mMiss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主 要由动词担任。如： Jack clea ns the room every day.( 杰克 每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My n ame is Pi ng pi ng .（我的名字叫萍萍）4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代

6、词担任。如：He can spell the word.（ 他能拼这个词）有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直 接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。 如：He wrote me a letter .（他给我写了一圭寸信）有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾 语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me .（他 给我写了一封信）5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。 如：Shanghai is a big city .（上海是个大城市）6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任

7、。女口： He works hard .（ 他工作努力）7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词 或动词充当。如： They usually keep their classroomclean.（他们通常让教室保持清洁）/ He often helps me do my less on s.（ 他常常帮我做功课 ）/ The teacher wan ted me to learn French all by myself.（ 老师要我自学法语）同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。 如：Where is your classmate Tom ?（ 你的同学汤姆在哪里

8、？）3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如： spaceship, headache, basketball, playground 等等。2、派生法: 派生名词：动词+er/or动词+ing动词+（t）ion形容词 +n ess 其他,如:inven tor, lear ner, swimmi ng, con gratulati on, kindn ess, careless ness, kno wledge（2）派生形容词：名词+y名词+ful动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English Fren

9、ch German 国名 +（i）an 女口： snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily（ 每日的）,nervous, delicious（3）派生副词：形容词+ly其它,如：slowly, angrily, full ffully, good well, possible possibly 等等。3、转换法：（1）形容词动词,如：dry（干燥的）dry（弄干）,clean（ 干 净的）clean（打扫,弄干净）,等等。（2）动词名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim,

10、 go, talk 等等。（3）名词动词,如：hand（手）（传递）,face（脸）（面对）（4）形容词副词,如：early early, fast fast 等等。（5）副词连词,如：when（什么时候）（当时候）,等等（6）介词副词,如：in（到里）（在里面；在 家）,on（在上）（进行，继续），等等。名词篇：名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:专有名词普通名词国名,地名,人可数名词不可数名词名,团体,机构名 称个体名 词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名 称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。女口： Jilin,Tom, China

11、,（1）零冠词，如 Yale University,Beijing Railway Station, 是由专有名词+普通名词组成，往往为并列关系。（2）定冠词，如 the United States ，the Great Wall, 由形容 词+普通名词组成。（3）姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人（复数含 义）,如: the Greens（ 格林一家人）。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又可进一步分为四类1）个体名称:表示单个的人和事物。house 马 car 汽车 room房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片2）集体名称:表示一群人或一些事物的名

12、称。people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group集团3）物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的 物质。fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛 奶4）抽象名词:表示动作，状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship 友情 patienee 而寸力3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词，如：box, child, orange ;不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如： water, news,

13、 oil, population, information .4、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1.规则名词的复数形式:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish f dishes, bench f benches, glasses, dresses, wishes, faxes3以-f或 -fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v 再力口 -esleaf-leaves, t

14、hief-thieves, kni fe-k ni ves, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, shelf f shelves, wolf f wolves, life f lives, half-halves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families,story-stories, city-cities, ba

15、by-babies, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, docume ntary-docume ntaries5以元音字母加y结尾的名 词，或专有名词以y结尾 的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen ry-He nrys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways6以辅音 字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spia no-pia nos, photo-photos, aut

16、o-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos7以兀音字母加-0结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths, path-paths,9单个字母的复数可以有两 种形式直接加s或S。但 如是缩略词则只加s。如：Is (I s), Ks (K s)。如： IDs, VCDs, SARs2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名

17、词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母 或其他形式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, man f men, womanswome n, sheeps sheep, tooth 宀 teeth, child childre n, goosefgeese2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, mea ns, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods,

18、glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作 复数cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作 单数（表整体）也可以作 复数（表其中的人或者成 员）audie nee, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, gover nment, populati on, crew, team, public, en emy, party, police 警察局，警察,class班，同学, family家，家庭成员6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（ 车队）, times（时代）,spir

19、its（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）， papers（文件报纸）,manners（ 礼 貌）,looks（ 外表）,brai ns（头脑智力）,gree ns（青菜）,rui ns（废 墟）7表示“某国人”加-sAmerica ns, Australia ns, Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes, Europea ns单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chin ese, Japa nese, sheep, deer, fish,以-ma n或 -woma n结尾 的改为-me n,-wome nEn glishme n, Fren chwome

20、 n8合成名词将主体名词 变为复数son s-i n-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy frie nds无主体名词 时将最后一 部分变为复 数grow n-ups, housewives, stopwatches9名词作定 语把主要名词 变成复数, 做定语的名 词一把用单 数a boy stude nt- some boy students ， an apple tree-some apple trees, a shoe factory- some shoe factories, an eight-year-old boy,名词作定

21、语 将两部分都 变为复数a woma n sin ger-wome n sin gers, a man teacher-me n teachers,名词作定语，a sports bag-two sports bag, a clothes store-two clothes stores10常以复数形式出现scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 glasses 玻璃杯 people,pa nts, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks11单复数意义不同fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类,paper 纸 paper

22、s扌报纸，卷子，论文,work 工作 works 作品，工厂,glass 玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水oranges橙子, light 光线 lights 灯，people 人 peoples 民族,time 时间 times 时代,次数,chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡5、名词所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，相当 于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。所有格分三种：一是 名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示 有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。三是双重所有格。1. s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boy

23、 s father, Jack s book, her son-in-law s photo, Jims bed , the mans wife, the foxs tail复数 名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twi ns mother, Childern s Day,不规则复数名 词后加sthe children s toys, women s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格 加s或者Dicke ns no vels, Charles s job, the Smiths house, the students books, Teachers Day, my

24、 boss office, a girls dormitory表示各自的所有关系时, 各名词末尾均须加sJapan s and America s problems,Jane s and Mary s bikes表示共有的所有关系时 在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father, Lucy and Lily s bedroom表示”某人家“ “店 铺”，所有格后名词省略the barber s, the tailor s, myuncle s myaunt s（我阿姨家）,the doctor s（诊所）2. s所有格

25、的用法：有些表示时间、距离、度量衡、价值、自然现象、国家、城镇等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s构成所有格1表示时间表示自然现象 表示国家城市等地 方的名词表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值today s newspaper, five weeks holidaythe earth s atmosphere,thetree s branchesthe country s plan, the world spopulation, China s industry the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victorya mile s journey, f

26、ive dollarsworth of apples2与人类活动有特殊 关系的名词the life s time, the play s plot3某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one s wit s end（不知所 措）名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。Whosepen is this? Its Toms.这是谁的钢笔？是汤姆的。 The bike is not mine, but Tom s.这辆自行车不是我的， 是Tom的。3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the

27、chair, the cover ofthe book, a map of the world , the story of a hero , the wi ndows of the room , the title of the film用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year stude nts某些of所有格和 s所有格可以互换。the son of a poor peasa nt= a poor peasa nt s son 个贫农的儿子但有时含义却不相同，请比较下面的例子：an old womans story（一个老妇人讲

28、自己的身世 ）the story of an old woman（别人讲一个老妇人的身世）4. 双重所有格在意义上与one of.相似:1of+名词所有格/ 名词性物主代 词”a friend of my father s（我父亲的一位朋友）=one of myfather s friends, a friend of mine（我的一位朋友）=one of my frie nds此外，不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词（some, any, many, no, few等）以及which等限定词，采用of所有格或双重所有格形 式。例如：three of them他们中的三个人I like readi

29、ng somebooks of his. 我喜欢读他的一些书。Which book of Qiong Yao s do you like best? 你最喜 欢琼瑶的哪一本书？5. s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别 请仔细比较下面三句话：1.She is Marys brothers frie nd.2.She is a friend of Marys brother.3.She is a friend of Marys brothers.1句用的是s所有格，则重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关 系，突出friend 词。2句用的是of所有格，侧重说明她和 Mary的哥哥是朋友

30、 关系，强调突出了 Marys brother 。3句用的是双重所有格，侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是 一个，她只是其中的一个。6、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是是单数或者不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。主语是复数时，谓语动 词用复数。如： The computer was a great inven ti on.（计算机是个了不起的发明）The water in the glass is verycold.（玻璃杯里的水很冷）。The students are working hard.2、集体名词（女口 family, c

31、lass, team, group, row, police, school等）做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three isa very good class.（三班是好班）如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.（三班有张中国地图）3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示单个 时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.（ 院子里有只绵羊）/ There are somesheep

32、 in the yard.（院子里有一些绵羊）4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.（这个消息令人兴奋）5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.（裤子很便宜,我想买）6、 a lot of, some既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。单复数看后边名词。如：Somestudents are playingbaseball

33、 now.（现在有许多学生在打垒球）A lot of time was wasted on that work.（大量的时间花在了那个工作上）（被动句）7、 and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两 个名词若构成一个整体事物或者表示一个人或事物的两个身份时,谓语贝U用单数。如：The teacher and his son are pickingapples now.（老师和他的儿子在摘苹果）/ Fish and chips is very famous food.（鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品）The teacher and writer is coming.（这教师兼作家马上要来了

34、。）8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。女口： There is a table and four chairs in the room.（房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子）9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。女口： Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.（你和我明天要求都来）10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A womanwith a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.（一名妇女带

35、着一个七岁的孩子（当时）就站在路边）11、either - or或者neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.（要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的）/ Neither you nor I am going there.（你和我都不打算去那里）12、表示一段时间，距离，金钱等度量衡时，谓语一般用单 数。如：Two mon ths is not a short time.（ 两个月不是个短 时间）Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance（距 离）.（两千

36、千米是相当长的一段距离）。Two thousand dollars isn t a large amount of money.（两千美元不是一笔大数目 ）13、主语中含有 half of / （three quarters）of / all （of） the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定，如：Over three quarters of the in formati on on the In ter net is inEn glish.（因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的）/ A third of the stude nts were play ing n ear the lake

37、.（学生的三分之一正在湖边玩耍）/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.（这些河流中的水已经被污染了 ）（被动句）有的单词有两种含义，既可数，也不可数，根据意思鉴别： What s the population of China?（中国人口是多少？）（人口， 强调数量，单数）/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs（阿拉伯人）.（这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人）（人口，强调人，复数）7. 名词的功能名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及

38、名词短语作状语。The bag is in the desk. 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday.作宾语。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. 作表语。这是一本好书。We elected him our mon itor.作宾语补助语。我们选他为我们的班长。Mary lives with her parents.作介词宾语.玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。He is a Party member. 作定语.他是一名党员。They study hard day and ni ght.作（时间）状语。他们白天黑夜地学习。名词专项

39、练习1()1 She was very happy. She in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakesD. makes few mistake()2 Weneed somemore. Canyou go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ()3arefor cutt ing thin gs.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/usi n

40、g D. Kni ves/us ing()4 What bigthe tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths . toothes()5 Please remember to give the horse some tree.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave()6 -Ca n we have some?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oran ges C.apple ()7 On the table there are five.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes tomat

41、oD. pearC. tomatoesD.参考答案：1.C 2.C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C2()1 They got muchfrom those new books.A .ideasB. photosC. i nformatio nD. stories()2 He gave uson how to keep fit.A. some advices . some advice C. an advice D. advice()3 Whe n we saw his face, we knewA. some n ewsB. a n ews()4 Whatlovely wea

42、ther it is!A. / B. theC. anrwas bad.C. the n ewsD. aP. n ews参考答案：1.C 2. B 3.C 4. A3()1 -Would you liketea?-No, tha nks. I have drunk two,A. any, bottles of orange orangeC. many, bottles of oran gesoran ges()2 He is hun gry. Give him _A. two breadsC. two pieces of bread()3 It really took him_A. somet

43、imesBThourtime()4 I would like to haveA. two glasses of milkC. two glasses of milks()5 Can you give meA. a teaB. some cup of teaD. a cup of tea()6 Please give mepaper. A. one B. a piece C. a D.a piece ofB. some, bottles ofD. few, bottle ofto eat.B. two piece of breadD. two pieces of breads to draw t

44、he n ice horse.C. lo ng timeD. someB. two glass of milk I D. two glass of milksC. a cup tea()7 John bought for himself yesterday.C. twoA. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes参考答案：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.D 7A4()1 -How manyhave you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. she

45、eps B. sheepC. pigD. chicke n()2 Somecame to our school for a visit that day.A. German _ B. GermenC. Germany D. Germanies()3 In the picture there are manyand two.A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxD. sheep;foxs()4 A group ofwill visit the museum tomorrow.A. Hun garia nB. Australia nC. Ja

46、pa nese D.America n参考答案：1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C5()1 This table is made of.A. many glass B. glassesC. some glasses D.glass()2 -What would you like to have for lun ch, sir?-Id like. !A. chicke nB. a chicke n C. chicke nsD.the chicke n()3 Childre n should makefor old people in a bus.A. roomB. a room C. roomsD.

47、 the room参考答案：1.D 2.A 3.A6()1 Tables are made of.A. wood B. some woodsC. woode nD. woods()2 I won der whyare so in terested in acti on (武打片)films.A. people B. peoplesC. the people D. thepeoples()31 have readof the young writer.A. works B. workC. this works D. theworks参考答案：A 2.A 3.D7()1 Lets meet at

48、7: 30 outside the gate of?A. the Peoples ParkB. the Peoples ParkC. the People ParkD. Peoples Park()2Chin ese people arehard worki ng people.A. /; a -B. We; th _ C. The; theD. The;a()3 How manywere there in the street whe n theaccide nt happe ned?A. policema n B. polices C. policeD. peoples参考答案：A 2.D

49、 3.C8()1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller.A. setB. oneC. piece D. pair()2 Last week I bought a TV.A. pair .B. set pieceD. block()3 There is a of woodleft on the ground.A. cupB. piecboxD. pair参考答案：1.B 2.B 3.B9()1 There are sixty-sevenin our school.A. wome ns teacher B. wome n teachers C.

50、woma n teachers D. wome n teacher()2 There are fivein our factory.A. woma n driver B, wome n driver C. woma n drivers D. wome n drivers()3 Thesewere sent to the villages to help thefarmers.A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woma n doctor参考答案：1.B 2.D 3.B 10()1 They write most of the

51、irin En glish.A. bus in ess letterB. bus in ess letters C.bus in esses D. bus in esses letters()2 We came to aat last .and went in.A. watch shop. watches shop C. watch ing shopD. watchs shop()3 This shop sells apples, bananasand things like these. Its a.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shopD.veget

52、able shop()4 She broke awhile she was washi ng up.A. glass of wi neB. glass for wi neC. glass wi neD. wi ne glass()5 rve forgotte n both of the.A. room nu mbers . B. rooms number C. rooms nu mbersD. room nu mber参考答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A111. September 10th isin Chi na.A. Teachers DayB. TeachersDay C.

53、Teacher DayD. Teachers Day()2 -Is the broom underdesk? -No, its under.A. the teachers; myB. teachers; mi ne C.teachers; meD. the teachers; mi ne()3 Excuse me, where is the?A. mens roomB. mens roomC. mens roomsD. men rooms参考答案：1.B 2.D 3.A12()1 The football un der the bed is.A. Lily and LucyB. Lilys a

54、nd LucysC.Lilys and LucyD. Lily and Lucys()2 This is mydicti on ary.A. sister MaryB. sistersC. sister,MarysD. sisters Marys()3 He went toshop to buy a shirt.C. a tailorsB. Mary and JacksD. Marys and JacksA. a tailorB. the tailorD. the tailors()4 Joa n is.A. Marys and Jack sister sisterC. Mary and Jack sister sister参考答案：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B13()1 In a fewtime, those mountains will be coveredwith trees.A. yearB. yearsC. yearsD. years()2 Its aboutwalk from my house.A. te