初中语法精讲--名词.ppt

1、Welcome to my class,Topic: noun,Teacher: Miss Wu From : Yin He middle school,熟记已学过的名词； 掌握常用名词的数的变化； 掌握名词所有格的构成及其变化； 掌握可数名词与不可数名词的区别及用法。 掌握名词的句法功能 考查形式：选择题、单词拼写及选词填空题、完成句子,复习策略,CHU SAN YING YU ZONG FU XI,英语总复习,NOUN,1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）

2、抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work,CHU SAN YING YU ZONG FU XI,英语总复习,名词的数,名词的所有格,名词的变化,可数名词,不可数名词,NOUN,普通名词,专有名词,名词,可数名词,不可数名词,单数 复数,转变,专有名词,指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。 具体说来，它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等,Jim吉姆 China中国Mr.Smith史密斯先生 July七月 Friday 星期五 theYellowRiver 黄河 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale ofTwoC

3、ities双城记,专有名词的首字母通常要大写,第二部分：名词单复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读s，结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。 例：friend friends;cat cats;style styles; sport sports;piece pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读iz。 例：bus buses;quiz quizzes;fox foxes; match matches;flash flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-e

4、s。 读音变化：加读z。 例：candy candies;daisy daisies;fairy fairies; lady ladies;story stories,Proper Nouns Common nouns 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work,第二部分：

5、名词单复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读s，结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。 例：friend friends;cat cats;style styles; sport sports;piece pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读iz。 例：bus buses;quiz quizzes;fox foxes; match matches;flash flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读z。 例：candy candies

6、;daisy daisies;fairy fairies; lady ladies;story stories,四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加 -s构成复数。 读音变化：加读z。 tomato tomatoes; potato potatoes; torpedo torpedoes; hero heroes Negro negroes; embargo embargoes 反例：solo silos; piano pianos（外来词）; photo photos;tobacco tobaccos（缩写词） 五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或 -fe改变

7、为 -ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音f改读vz。 knife knives;life lives; Leaf leaves;staff staves/ staffs; scarf scarves 反例：roof roofs, proof proofs, chief chiefs cliff cliffs, belief, reef, gulf, tariff,其他名词复数的规则变化,以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较： 层楼：storey -

8、storeys story-stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：knife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wivesli

9、fe-livesthief-thieves,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形如： deer（鹿），sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

10、 如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle， 但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle，,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的,4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics（物理学）等学科名词，为

11、不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 “The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，

12、双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；Bow

13、man是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形如： deer（鹿），sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle， 但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle，,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese ar

14、e industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的,4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics（物理学）等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 “The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting stor

15、y-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼,辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词,computer， take coffee， water， run. notebook. bring, table, sport interesting, Monda

16、y age new actor sell,2. 专有名词,专有名词是指人名、地名、团体、机构等的名称，月份、星期、节日等名称也是专有名词。专有名词的开头字母要大写。例如： 人名：John, Green, Mr. Wang等。 民族名：Chinese, English, French, Australian等。 团体、机构名称：the United Nations 联合国，UNESCO联合国教科文组织，WTO 世界贸易组织，等,可数名词的复数变化,1.可数名词复数的规则变化： (1) 一般情况加词尾 -s，如 book-books, desk-desks等。 (2) 以 s, x, sh, ch

17、 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es：bus -buses, box -boxes, dish-dishes，match-matches（比赛），watch-watches等,Practice,There are many (bus) and (car) on the street. .I have two (watch), so I give a (watch) to my sister. Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some （dish,cars,buses,watches,watch,dishes,3) 以y 结尾的名词，其

18、复数构成要分两种情况： 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies； 如： city-cities, baby-babies 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s： 如：toy / toys, holiday / holidays 等。 (4) )以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v加es: 如： wife-wives, knife-knives（小刀）， Leaf-leaves（树叶）；life-lives(生命)， scarf-scarves(围巾,单复数同形: 英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行: 例：people、Chinese、Japanese、 fish 、 de

19、er（鹿）、 sheep（绵羊） e.g: There are many fish in the river. We have a fish for lunch,记住以下10个要把f或者fe改成v加es的单词： wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼,重点,但roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外,5) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,加词尾es；如tomato- tomatoes； potato- potatoes hero(英雄)-heroes 以“元音字母

20、+o”结尾的名词，加词尾s；如radioradios（收音机）； piano-pianos,但注意photophotos（相片,练习,写出下列单词的单数或复数形式,friend,cat,tree,s,s,question,s,s,key,s,toy,s,photo,s,tomato,es,potato,es,leaf,leaves,zoo,s,radio,s,holiday,s,baby,babies,city,cities,roof,s,bus,es,box,es,We need more (potato), can you go and take some , please ? (Knif

21、e) are used for cutting things. When we saw his face, we knew the (news) was bad. Please remember give the horse some tree (leaf,potatoes,Knives,news,leaves,leaf,wolf,wolves,leaves,knife,knives,补充,某国人”的复数有三种类型： Chinese、Japanese 的单复数同型，不需要加“s”; Englishmen、Frenchman ，复数要把“man”变为“men”； 其他各国人以an、-i an 结

22、尾的均直接加“s”: 如Americans、Australians 、Indians 注意：German是Germans,radios,photos,找规律,zoos,pianos,NOUN,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN,mouse - mice,foot -feet,注意,1、一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词，在构成复数时与 man, woman 的变化形式相同，如： policeman / policemen(警察)， Englishman / Englishmen (英国人)， Frenchm

23、an/ Frenchmen(法国人,注意,与man、woman两个词组成的复合词，名词本身和这个词都要变成复数。 如： Woman doctor/ women doctors Man worker/ men workers Man driver/ men drivers,deer,sheep,deer，sheep，fish ，li，jin，yuan , mu ,Japanese ,Chinese等的单复数同形,Yuan,a bottle of juice,a glass of orange,two boxes of milk,不可数名词,NOUN,看例题识所有格,1. Beijing is t

24、he capital of China. Beijing is Chinas capital,2. This is Mary and her sisters bedroom. Bob and Lucys sister is a nurse,的,NOUN,3. These are Toms and Lilys bags,4. She is the two boys mother,5. the door of the room the leaves of the tree,6. the girls name=the name of the girl,7. He is a friend of my

25、brothers,指点迷津,Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me. A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed. The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000. The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming here. Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American,is,is,is,is,am,NOUN,指点迷津,6. Maths _(are, is ) hard

26、 to learn for the boy. 7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers). 8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000. 9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in summer. 10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to Shanghai,is,is,women teachers,people,has,NOUN,1.Several _

27、are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not very farIts about twenty walk. Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our c

28、ity. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN,典型例题解析,The Browns is going to visit China. ( ) The Browns are going to visit China. ( ) The young is dancing there. ( ) The young

29、are dancing there. ( ) Physics are very difficult to learn. ( ) Physics is very difficult to learn. ( ) We have five Germen in this meeting. ( ) We have five Germans in this meeting. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. (,NOUN,) 1. P

30、lease give me _ paper.A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.Bill runs fast. He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday. Aboys Bboys Cboy Dboys . ( ) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germe

31、n C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 5. In the picture there are many_ and two_.A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs,课时训练,D,D,B,A,C,选择填空,NOUN,) 6. This is not my cap, but my _. A. brothersB. brothersC. brothersD. brother ( )7.They write most of their_ in English. A. business lett

32、er B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters ( ) 8. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used ( ) 9. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoeC. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes ( ) 10.Excuse me, wher

33、e is the_? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms,B,B,D,A,A,NOUN,根据所给单词的正确形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there a

34、ny in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month,ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,NOUN,8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much ar

35、e these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy,Lucys,minutes,vegetables,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life 2. -This is a phot