语法结构：虚拟语气

1、语法结构：虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一，也是体 现英汉语言习惯区别的一个 语法现 象。在汉语里表示假 设虚拟的情况常用一些虚 词来表示，例如 “假设”、“如果”等等；而 英文中表示虚 拟的情况不但有虚 词的提示， 谓语动词 也要相应的变化。虚拟语气的基本作用是：1. 表达假 设的情况，与事 实相反；2. 表达异想天开很 难实现 的愿望；3. 表达建议、命令、 劝告等语气。本 节重在讲 解 if 引导的虚拟 条件句， 含蓄条件句，特殊 结构中的虚 拟语 气，以及 should+ 动词原形的用法。一、虚 拟语 气的基本形式和用法虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中 谓语动词的形式可分

2、 为下面三类：假设类型条件从句 谓语动词形式主句谓语动词 形式与 现在事实 相反 If+ 动词的过去式（be 用 were 而不用 was）would（ 第一人称可用 should）+ 动词 原形与 过去事实 相反 If+had+-ed 分词 would（ 第一人称可用 should）+have+-ed 分词与将来事 实 可能相反 If+were to+ 动词原形或If+should+ 动词 原形 would（ 第一人称可用 should）+ 动词 原形下面我们列举近年的真 题来强化记忆。例 （1）Mary said to me, Had I seen your bag, I it to yo

3、u.A. will returnB. must returnC. could returnD. would have returned（ 【答案】 D）（2004 年 4 月 45 题 ）例 （2）I would ask George to lend us the money if I him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know（ 【答案】 C）（1995 年 38 题）例 （3）If Bob with us; he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had co

4、meD. came（ 【答案】 C）（1995 年 59 题）二、省略 if 的虚 拟形式在虚拟条件句中，如 谓语包含 were，had，should 等词，则可以把 这些词放到主语前 面，省略 if 。例 （1） the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such aheavy loss in his business.A. If he tookB. If he should takeC. Were he to takeD. Had he taken（ 【答案】 D）（2004 年 4 月 32 题 ）例 （2）, I sho

5、uld ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us（ 【答案】 A）（1997 年 30 题）例 （3） you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with myquestions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized（ 【答案】 B）（1996 年

6、39 题）三、含蓄条件句有时一个假 设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示， 这样的句子叫含蓄条件 句。常用 with ，without ，but for 。例 （1）Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth well.A. would not growB. will not growC. had not grownD. would not be grown（【答案】 A）（2004 年 11月 32题）例（2）But for my classmates help, Ithe work in time.A. did not finish

7、B. could not finishC. will not finishD. would not have finished（ 【答案】 D）（2004 年 4月 36题）例（3）But for the rain, wea nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（【答案】B）（2003年4月28题）四、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气： 以 wish（that） 引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句wish 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中 从句时态的应用。表示现

8、在或将来的愿望用：主 语+ wish +从句（主语+过去时）;表示一 个过去没有实现的愿望用：主 语+ wish +从句（主语+过去完成时）;例（1）1 didn t go to the party, but I do wish Ithere.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be（【答案】 C）（2001 年 53题）例（2）Peter wishes that helaw in stead of literature whe n he was incollege.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. woul

9、d study（【答案】 C）（2000 年 53题） if only +句子（过去时/过去完成时）“要是就好了”If only后面的句子如果是 对现在或将来情况的虚 拟，用过去时did ;如果是对过去情况的虚拟，用过去完成时had done .要注意与if区别，if只表示假设，“如果”，用 真实语气；而 if only 表示不可能实现的情况，用虚拟语气。例如：If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响就好了。 （对过去虚拟）If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了。 （对现在虚拟） would rather 句子（过去时）表示宁愿、宁可的意

10、愿，语气比较婉转。后接过去式。例（1）1 am too busy these days. I would rather all of youn ext monthfor a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. came D. have come（【答案】 C）（2002 年 46题）例（2）1 dyou didn t touch that, if you don t mind.A. rather B. better C. happier D. further（【答案】 A）（1998 年 45题） it is time（that） , it is high time （

11、that）句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，意思是该了、早该了.例（1）Lets finish our homework in a few sec on ds; its time we.A. played footballB. will play footballC. play footballD. are playing football（【答案】 A）（2004 年 11月 43题）例（2）Don t you thin k it is time yousmoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（【

12、答案】 B）（1999 年 31题） 以as if , as though引导的从句在 as if ，as though 引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和 wish 后面的从句动词形式变化相同。例：He talks as if heeverything in the world.A. knowsB. knew C. had known D. would have known（【答案】B。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所 怀疑，所以用过去时。）五、should+动词原形及should的省略（1）、一些表示建 议、要求、命令等的 动词本身

13、隐含说话者主观的意见。因此 这些动词 （或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等）后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即“should do ”结 构，其中的 “ should ”常被省略。如：表 “提议、建议” 的动词：suggest ,advise, propose, recommend, move（提议）;表 “要求、主 张” 的动词 ： insist, require, request, demand , desire ;表 “命令” 的动词 ： order, command.例（1）1 don t think it advisable that Tomto the job since he has n

14、oexperience.A. be assigned B. is assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned（ 【答案】 A）（2006 年 11 月 29 题）例 （2）His mother insisted that he the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on（ 【答案】 A）（1999 年 58 题）此处省略了 should.例 （3）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan an operation right

15、away so asto save his life.A. had B. would have C. haveD. was going to have（ 【答案】 C）（1998 年 28 题）此处省略了 should.（2）、 It is necessary/important/essential/ vital/urgent / surprising/ amazingthat引导的主语从句中，从句的 谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should也可以省略。此 类形容词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。例 （1）it is vital that enough moneycollected to g

16、et the project started.A. is B. be C must be D can be（ 【答案】 B）（2004 年 11 月 24 题）例（2）It s urge nt that a meet ingbefore the final decisi on is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arrangedC. be arranged D. would be arranged其形（ 【答案】 C）（2003 年 4 月 45 题 ）（3）、以 in case, lest, for fear that引起的状 语从句，表示 “以防，以

17、免 ”式为 should+ 动词原形。如：He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.他把雨衣 带 在身上以防下雨。1.3 配套 练习1. You didn t let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired.A. drove; didn t B. drove; wouldn t getC. were d riving; wouldn t get D. had driven; wouldn t have got2. , we could not have finished the work on

18、time.A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their helpC. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help3. today, he would get there by Friday.A. Was he leaving B. If he is leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves4. If only I how to operate a computer as you do!A. had known B. would know

19、C. should know D. knew5. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken6. The chairman requested thatA. the members studied the problem more carefullyB. the problems were more carefully studiedC. the problems could be studied

20、 with more careD. the members study the problem more carefully7. If I you, I more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay8. We cannot imagine what our world like without electric power.A. is B. will be C. would be D. were9. T

21、here was a half smile on his face which suggested that he happyto have given his life for his country.A. was B. should be C. would be D. were10. We all agreed to her suggestion that we to the Great Wall forsightseeing.A. will go B. go C. shall go D. should have gone11. The young man insisted that he

22、 nothing wrong and free.A. did; set B. had done; should be setC. do; be set D. had done; must be set12. I lost your address, otherwise I you long before.A. had visited B. have visitedC. would have visited D. should visit13. the rain we would have had a nice holiday.A. But thatB. But forC. DespiteD.

23、In spite of14no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.A. Were thereB. There wereC. Was thereD. There be15. It s getting rather late. It s time we.A. are goingB. wentC. goD. must go16. They keep telling us that it is vital that we there on time.A. areB. beC. must beD. would be答案与解析1. 本句是对过去情况的虚 拟。意为：如果我们轮流开车的话，你就不会那么累了。 对 过去虚拟，if条件句用过去完成式，had driven，主句用 wouldn t have got 。选D2. 选 D。 这里是含蓄虚 拟语气用法。 这句话的意思是：要不是他 们帮忙，我 们不会按 时完成工作的。3. 选Co这是考察倒装虚 拟语气。原来顺序是：If he were