2015年综合类和理工类职称英语考试新增文章.doc

1、第三篇 Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day its very hot, and at night its sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, K

2、evin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of

3、 November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up an

4、d ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. Thats a lot of food! They also

5、needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140F/60C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldnt see. One time they got l

6、ost. But they didnt quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇：stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释：

7、1. . made the decision to run across .：.决正跑步横跨.练习：1. Its not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned4.

8、They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldnt see the road because it was windy.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five coun

9、tries.A. Right B. Wrong C. mentioned答案与题解：1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。题干表述正确。2. B文中提到三人每天从早上5点开始跑一直到上午11点，又从下午5点开始跑到晚上9点半，所以总共跑10.5个小时。题干表述不正确。3. A文中讲到三人上午11点停下来休息一直到下午5点再继续跑，所以在一天的中午，他们停止跑步。题干表述正确。4. A原文中讲到高温使他们生病。所以题干表述正确。5. A文中提到有时刮起大风导致他们什么也看不到，所以他们会因为起风而看不到路。题干表述正确。6. B文中最后一段讲到他们有一次迷路了，所以不

10、是从来没有迷路。题干表述不正确。7. C文中只提到他们挎越沙漠的长度，并没有提到穿过几个国家。所以，题干表述文中没有提到。第六篇 Native American PotteryThere are several American Indian groups in the Southwest that still make beautiful pottery. Someof this pottery may be sold at fairly high prices. But the makers consider their work as more than a commercial ent

11、erprise. By using methods handed downfor generations, the potters express their pride in their cultural inheritance.Some of the most interesting pottery is made by the Pueblo Indians. There are 21 individual pueblos in Arizona and New Mexico. Several are famous for their craftsmanship.To make a pot,

12、 these potters use a clay base and add long thin coils of clay toit in a spiral pattern. When they have reached the size they want, they use an implement such as a rock or shell to smooth the surfaces of the pot.How a pot is decorated and fired depends on the traditions of the group making it. Tradi

13、tional pottery produced by the Acoma, who have lived for centuries on a high mesa in NewMexico, is first painted with a clay slip. The resulting pots: which are prizedfor their delicacy and strength, may be left white. They may also be painted with black and white patterns or with a combination of b

14、lack, orange, and brown.Very distinctive black pottery comes from the San Ildefonso and Santa Clara pueblos. The black coloris the result of carbon being released from the animal manure in which the potis fired. Some artisans hand rub this ware to a shiny gloss. Others cut patterns into it: resultin

15、g in a part shiny: part fiat surface. Potters at SailIldefonso make many types of wares. Potters at Santa Clara are especially known for wedding jars-jars with two necks connected by a handle.Other groups such as the Hopi and the Cochiti also make pottery. Each group uses distinctive methods and pro

16、duces distinctive forms and designs.词汇：pottery n. 陶器distinctive adj. 特别的，有特色的enterprise n. 事业，产业，实业inheritance n. 遗产manure n. 肥料，粪肥craftsmanship n. 手艺artisan n. 精美，精致注释：1. handed down for generations 世代相传2.hand-rub this ware to a shiny gloss 亲手揉搓罐子表面，使它光泽平滑练习：1.In the first paragraph the word “comme

17、rcial” means_.A.having to do with advertising products on TVB.having to do with advertising products on TVC.large- scaleD.artistic2.The second paragraph in the passage is developed mainly through_.A.steps in a processB.description of objectsC.the telling of a storyD.examples3.The Sail Ildefonso pueb

18、lo is known for_.A.black potteryB.wedding jarsC.thin and delicate shapesD.black, brown, and orange pots4.Traditional methods of making pottery_.A.are rarely used anymoreB.take a lot of timeC.are not of interest to pottery collectorsD.will soon be complete replaced5.Another good title for this passag

19、e would be_.A.How to Make a PotB.Living on a High MesaC.The Indians of Arizona and New MexicoD.An Old Art Still Practiced答案与题解：1. B 前文提到一些陶器会以高价卖出，可以推测commercial在这里的意思是买卖交易。所以，答案是选项B。2. A 第二段主要讲制作一个罐子的步骤，不是在对罐子的形态进行描述，也没有讲具体的例子或者故事。所以，答案是选项A。3. A 第四段第一句话提到具有特色的黑色陶器是有圣伊尔德丰索部落的普韦布洛人制作的，最后一句提到圣克拉拉部落的陶器

20、尤其以他的婚礼罐子闻名，选项C、D与题干无关，所以答案是选项A。4. B 根据文中制作的陶器的过程可以推测出制作陶器的过程很复杂因而费时，选项A、C、D文中均有提及，故可排除。5. D 本文主要介绍了美国本土一些印第安部落的陶器特点及制作过程。选项A过于片面，选项B、C 与文章主旨无关，因此答案是选项D。第三篇 The Value of TearsTears can ruin make-up, bring conversation to a stop, and give you a runny nose. They can leave you embarrassed and without e

21、nergy. However,crying is a fact of lifeand tears are veryuseful. (1)These create a film over the eyes surface. This film contains a substance that protects your eyes against infection.Tears relieve stress,but we tend to fight them for all sortsof reasons. People worry about showing their emotions. T

22、heyre afraid that once they lose control, theyll never get it back,”explains psychologist Dorothy Rowe. (2) As adults we still fear the consequences of showing emotions.”Almost any emotiongood or bad, happy or sadcan cause tears. Crying is a way that we release built-up emotions. Tears help you when

23、 you feel you are ready to explode because of very strong feelings. (3)When some people become very stressed, however, they cant cry. They may be feeling shock,anger, fear, or grief, but they repress the emotion. “Everyone has the need to cry,” says psychotherapist Vera Diamond. Sometimes in therapy

24、 sessions, patients participate in crying exercise (4) Diamond says its best to cry in safe, private places,like under the bed coversor in the car. Thats because many people get uncomfortable when others cry in front of them. In fact,they may be repressing their own need to cry.In certain situations

25、, such as at work, tears are not appropriate. (5) “But once you are safely behind closed doors, dont just cry,” Diamond says, she suggests that you act out the whole situation again and be as noisy and angry as you like. It will help you feel better. “And,” she adds, “once your tears have released t

26、hestress, you can begin to think of logical way to deal with the problem.”Tears are a sign of our ability to feel. You should never be afraid to cry.词汇：make-up n. 化妆(品)psychotherapist n. 心理治疗师runny nose 流鼻涕infection n. 感染，传染release v. 释放built up 组合的，拼合的注释：1. create a film over the eyes surface ：在眼睛的

27、表面形成一层薄膜。2. get it back：恢复3. act out the wholesituation again： 整个场景重现练习：A It may explain why people who areafraid tocry often suffer more heart attacksthan people cry more freely.B Its good to hold backtears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when youre n

28、ot crying, your eyes producetears.E They practice crying so that they can get used toexpressing emotion.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expressing anger.答案与题解：1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。选项C与前一句话意思重复。2. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这

29、句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。所以，答案是选项F。3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。4. E 上文提到患者要练习哭，这里应该讲练习哭的原因。所以，答案是选项E。5. B 上一句提到在某些场合哭是不合适的，所以此处也应该具体解释不适合哭的场景，答案是选第二十四篇 The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. T

30、he unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This

31、 much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe s

32、tormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere a

33、ndassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon.This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Eng

34、lishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthurs knights werecirculated as well.In England today, there are many sites claiming apie

35、ce of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthurs and Guineveresbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.词汇：Arthurn.亚瑟(中世

36、纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领)authenticityn.可靠性，真实性spiritv.偷偷地带走;拐走;绑架warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士subduev. 制服，慑服embellishmentn. 美化，修饰mystiquen. 神秘气氛注释：1. This much of theArthurian tale：许多这类亚瑟王的故事2. .was spirited awayby 被偷偷地带走练习：1. King Arthurs famer was _A. LancelotB. AvalonC. MordredD. Uther Pendragon2. Th

37、e writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he _.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in _.A. spatial orderB. order from latest to earliestC. order from earliest to latestD. order f

38、rom least persuasive4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_A. dug up from the graveB. buriedC. quarreled overD. built a church around5. Another good title for this passage would be _A. Kings in the Seventh CenturyB. The Knights of the Round TableC. Real or Legend?D. Arthurs Marriage to Gu

39、inevere.项B。第九篇 Style, Not FashionStyle goes way beyondfashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a uniqueblend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created throughthe world of things. _ (1) It is what people really want when they aspireto be fashionable.

40、 (if they arent just adorningthemselvesin status symbols).Through clothes, wereinvent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary. Style is ourdistinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.Fashion is the least of it.Style is, for starters, one part identity: sel

41、f-awareness and self-knowledge._ (2) And style requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically andmentally. Of course, like all knowledge, self-knowledge must be updated as yougrow evolve; style takes ongoing self-assessment.Style is also one partpersonality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit,

42、 inventiveness. It demands the desireand confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is notonly necessary but a reflection of a persons unique complexity as a humanbeing. _ (3) In order to work, style must reflect the real self, thecharacter and personality of the individual; an

43、ything less appears to be acostume?Lastly, style is one partfashion. Its possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style. Butits also possible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion isthe means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to bestylish than

44、you might imagine.Whatever else it is, styleis optimism made visible. Style presumes that you are a person of interest:that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for.It also shows that you are morally responsible. It shows that you dont buythings at the whim of the ma

45、rketplace or the urging of marketers. _ (4) Styleexposes peoples ambivalence over good looks. It always demonstrates that appearancesdo count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments aboutothers from how they look.No one should be penalizedfor not having style, of course, but th

46、ose who have it are distinctive and thusmore memorable. _ (5) They announce to the world that they are in commandof themselves.词汇：adorn v.装饰，使更美观wardrobe n. (个人的)全部服装suspect v.怀疑，猜想wit n.风趣，说话风趣的人blend v.混在一起，混合ambivalence n.矛盾心理，矛盾心态注释：1.aspire to be fashionable:渴望赶上时尚潮流2.an ounce of style: 一丁点的风格3

47、.atthe whim of:心血来潮(突发奇想)练习：A It is a way of capturing something vibrant,making a statement about ourselves in clothes.B Fashion is part of sty1e.C Rather, you focus on what is personallysuitable and expressive.D You cant have style until you have a senseof who you are.E They create a unique identit

48、y for themselvesand express it through grooming and a few well-chosen clothes.F People want to be themselves and to be seenas themselves.答案与题解：A 第一段都在解释什么是风格，六个选项中A、B、D三项都涉及风格，根据文章内容和句式的排比可以看出答案是选项A。D 本段的主旨句是第二句话，本句是对主旨句的阐释，讲风格与自我认知的关系。只有选项D符合。F 本段的主旨句是第一句话，全段在解释风格与个性的关系。所以，只有选项F符合。C 前一句在讲有风格的人不是心血来

49、潮，可以推测此处应该讲有风格的人应该是如何的。只有选项C的句意与其对照，且符合整个段意。所以，正确答案是选项C。E 前一句讲有风格的人是独特的，因此也更容易被人记住，选项E在解释他们是通过什么方式做到这一点的。所以，选项E符合本段段意。第十二篇 Men Smell of Cheese and Women of OnionsLittle girls may be made of sugar and all things nice, but their armpits smell of onions. _ (1) Thats the conclusion of research in Switze

50、rland that involved taking armpit sweat samples from 24 men and 25 women after he had spent time in a sauna or ridden an exercise bike for 15 minute._ (2) “Men smell of cheese, and women of grapefruit or onion,” says Christian Starkenmann of Firmenich, a company in Geneva that researches flavours an

51、d perfumes for food and cosmetics companies.The team found that the womens armpit sweat constrained relatively high levels of an odourless sulphur-containning compound 5 milligrams per milliliter of sweat versus 0.5 milligrams in men.When the researchers mixed this compound in the lab with bacteria commonly found in the armpit, the bugs turned it into a thiol - a previously discovered odour from armpits that is akin to onion.“The more sulphur precursor we added, the more intense was the malodour,” says Starkenmann, whose teams results appear in Chemical Senses. _ (3)The men, meanwhi