如何撰写与发表高水平学术论.ppt

1、a,如何撰写与发表高水平的学术论文,How to Write and Publish High Quality Scientific Paper,贺昱曜 教授,2007年11月13日,a,一、 学术论文的特征与意义 - Characteristic and Significance of Scientific Paper 二、 标题的创作 - Creating the title 三、 摘要的写作 - Writing the abstract 四、 引言的撰写 论文写作目的与创新点的导引 - Writing the Introduction 五、 正文与结果的撰写要点 - Writing th

2、e Main Body and Results of a Paper 六、 结论的写作技巧 - Writing the Conclusion 七、 致谢 - Stating the Acknowledgements 八、 参考文献- 论文前沿性的有力支撑 - References Citing 九、 投稿从主编和评审人的角度考察论文 - Manuscript Submitting,主要包含以下九个方面,a,一、学术论文的特征与意义- Characteristic and Uniform Requirements for Scientific Paper Science （科学） Knowled

3、ge covering general truths or the operation of general law. Natural Science （自然科学） A system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific law. Applied Science （应用科学） Search for practical uses of scientific knowledge. Study （研究） Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation aimed at

4、 the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, or the revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. Research Article （学术论文）: Paper and Dissertation or Master Thesis for the degree of Ph.D or M.E,a,1.1

5、 为什么要发表论文与学术论文的意义： 硕士、博士毕业； 技术人员，教师评职称； 申报学科点，重点学科，重点实验室； 申报项目，申报奖励； 一个学校、学院的学术声誉； 一个人的学术成就须用论文的数量与水平来衡量，等,a,1.2 Definition of Scientific paper Scientific paper should include creative points - new ideas. The results and conclusions can be verified by others - 经得起检验的结果和结论. New ideas New concept Theo

6、ry Deduction Equation Method (approach) Algorithm Scheme Strategy New Topology Circuit topology, System architecture New Hardware Software 只有包含创新点的文章才能称作为论文,a,你的题目有没有学术价值？有没有新东西？ - 新观点、新模型：过去没有人这样看问题； - 新方法：过去没有人这样分析、解决问题； - 新结论：过去没有人得到这样的结果,a,1.3 Journal, Transaction, Magazine, Letters Journal of N

7、orthwestern Polytechnical University Journal of Changan University IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks Power Electronics Communications Computer; Circuits and Systems I Vision, Image and Signal Processing. IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Newsletter

8、 IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering IEEE Communications Magazine IEEE Communications Letter,a,1.4 Importance of Scientific Paper Writing Three functions of Scientific Paper: (1) Record and store information; (2) Communicate with others; (3) Help to creativeness. a. Accumulate the knowledge; b. Meas

9、ure and become known by their publications; c. Refine the research results; 国外没有我们国内这么多的评奖，评价一个人的成就主要看高水平的论文。例如杨振宁的诺贝尔奖 The goal of scientific research is publicationScientists, starting as graduate students，are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their inna

10、te knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications,a,1.5 Characteristics and Requirements for Scientific Paper Writing （1）Creativity 创新 Original manuscript which has not be

11、en published anywhere else. 科学论文所介绍的研究成果应该是前所未有的，即有所发现、有所创造。没 有新的观点、见解、结果和结论，就不成其为科学论文。 创新程度可大，可小，总要对科技知识宝库有所贡献。“首先提出”、“首次 发现”具有重大意义的研究毕竟不多。就某一方面而言有新意、有发展，亦应属于 创新。 有些课题是引进消化国内外先进技术，只要对丰富理论，推动技术进步有 意义，也应视为有一定程度的创新。 （2）Clarity 简洁 （3）Clearness 明了 （4）Accuracy 精确 （5） Standardization 标准 Understandable,a,1

12、.6 Classification of Scientific Papers (1) Theoretical analysis Assumption, Principle, Theorem, Lemma, Law and proof. (2) Application study Measurement, test, data processing. (3) Mathematical modeling and computer simulation (4) Review or survey, overview,a,1.7 Organization of a scientific paper,Ti

13、tle Authors Abstract Keywords Introduction Material and Method Results Conclusion and Discussion Acknowledgement References Appendixes,a,二、标题的创作 - Creating the title Procedure for writing a scientific paper (1) Body Results Conclusion (2) Introduction References Abstract Title,a,2.1 Functions and im

14、portance of the title Title for the paper is like the face for some beautiful girl. Outline the paper. Summarize research contents (new ideas) and results and be convenient to index 阅读习惯：先看标题，根据标题来考虑是否看摘要。 标题的功能是概括全文并便于检索索引。 TClifford Allbutt的话，不仅精辟地说明标题的重要性，也是写标题的指导思想： First Impressions are strong

15、impressions；a title ought therefore to be well studied，and to give，so far as its limits permit，a definite and concise indication of what is to come 第一印象是最重要的印象；因此标题应当仔细研究，在允许情况下，尽可能确切、简明地反映所要讲的内容,a,2.2 Requirements for the title (1) Expressing the practical contents and characteristic of the paper.

16、(2) Clarity and accuracy 10-12 words (3) Confirming with the common usage of title writing. Example 1. A singular perturbation finite element procedure for the analysis of edge effects in shell structures 奇异摄动有限元方法分析壳结构的边界效应 What method for what problem. Example 2. Shape design sensitivity analysis

17、of a two dimensional heat transfer system using the boundary element method 用边界元方法分析二维传热系统的形状设计的灵敏度 （what） problem analysis using what method. Example 3. Numerical analysis of Large Deformation Rigid Plastic Problems in Dynamic Range by Quadratic Extremum Principles. 动力学范围内的大变形刚朔性问题的二次极值原理数值分析 一篇论文只

18、能有一个主题，绝对不能有两个以上的主题,a,三、摘要的写作- Writing the abstract How to scan a paper? Title Abstract Conclusion Body How to index a paper? Title Abstract Author Journal Affiliation Study Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation,

19、 or the revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws,a,3.1 Definition of the Abstract An Abstract should be viewed as a mini-version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sect

20、ion of the paper. An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document,a,3.2 Importance of the Abstract 英国前首相丘吉尔说过：Please be good enough to put your conclusions and recommendations on one sheet of paper at the very beginning of your report, so that I can even consider reading it,

21、a,1. Academic communication 2. Indexed by EI, SCI or ISTP 3. If you submit a paper, the editor may make a decision by your abstract,Because the abstract precedes the paper itself, and because the reviewers and editors like a bit of the orientation，the Abstract is universally the first part of the ma

22、nuscript read during the review processTherefore，it is of fundamental importance that the Abstract should be written clearly and simply Very often，the reviewer may be perilously close to a final judgment of your manuscript after reading the Abstract alone. It is only logical that the reviewer will o

23、ften reach a preliminary conclusion，and the conclusion is likely to be a correct one Usually，a good Abstract is followed by a good paper；a poor Abstract is a harbinger of woes to come,a,3.3 Types of the Abstract Two types of the abstract 通常分为信息型(informative)或提供资料的摘要和叙述型(descriptive)摘要两种。 1. Descript

24、ive abstract 描述研究的范围和概况，不介绍有关的方法和结论,Tell readers what information the paper contains; Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper; Do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations; Are always very short, usually under 100 words; Introduce the subject to readers, who must then read th

25、e paper to find out the authors results, conclusions, or recommendations,Review or survey paper,a,2. Informative abstract 信息型摘要或称为提供资料的摘要，不仅介绍所研究的课题，而且提供详细的研究结果。它是论文全文的浓缩，往往可以代替阅读全文,Communicate specific information from the paper; Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper; Provide the pap

26、ers results, conclusions, and recommendations; Are short from a paragraph to a page; Allow readers to decide whether they want to read the paper,a,3.4 Uniform requirements for the contents of the abstract 摘要的必要内容是：研究工作的背景，目的，方法，结果 和结论，重点是结果和结论。必须强调：由于科学论文的根本 特征在于创新，摘要的内容必须体现这个特征，一定要表明本 文的特殊贡献,a,Day书

27、中也是归纳为4点：(Day：1994，30) The Abstract should (1) state the principal objective and scope of the investigation，(2)describe the methods employed，(3) summarize the results and(4)state the principal conclusionsThe importance of the conclusion is indicated by the fact that they are often given three times：

28、once in the abstract，again in the introduction，and again(in more detailed probably)in the DiscussionThe Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper。 摘要应该(1)说明主要目的及研究范围，(2)描述所用的方法，(3)概括结果，(4)说明主要结论。结论的重要性可以用如下事实表明：通常在文章中三次出现。第一次在摘要中，再次在引言中，最后还出现在讨论或结论中(可能更

29、为详细)。 现在有些杂志明确地提出“结构化摘要Structure abstract”。整篇摘要分为四段，其标题为：Background，Methods，Results，Conclusion。不言而喻，这种形式很有优越性,a,Background Derive the equation or formula; Write the program; Compute the results; Process the data,a,2. Overall appraising your own work - 全面 评审自己的工作 由于结束语或结论有上述重要意义，要求作者在撰 写结束语时，像评审人一样，首

30、先评审自己的作品。评 估该项工作的质量，价值、理论和实际意义，指出什么 是确实已经到达的，什么是有可能性的。同时也指出不 足之处、局限性或有待进一步改进的工作,a,6.2 Contents of the discussion or conclusion 结果与基本原理的联系与推广； 结果及其解释与前人工作的比较； 工作的理论意义与可能的实际应用，或应用前景； 结论可能的局限性，也可以简要提出下一步的工作。 Important notes,本文提出的观点，理论或方法 - 主要贡献 不要谦虚，要肯定本文方法； 没研究透的东西不要写,a,6.3 Illustrative examples 例1 “A

31、 simple strain energy based finite element mesh refinement scheme(一个简单的基于应变能的有限元网格细化方法)的结束语。 本文“结束语”可以概括为：首先简单地重复说明本文目的及要点，再评价所提出的算法的效果。结束语的内容如下： 提出自动选择网格精细化的准则：以应变能集中系数作为指标评定需要 加密的部位。 给出实现这一算法，迭代过程中的具体策略：(1)选取罚因子；(2)选定超 松弛因子；(3)确定精细化的幅度。 说明本算法的特点和实际效果：不需要生成主刚度阵，占内存小，易于实 现，4个实例证实通过逐步细化可以收敛到较好的解。 最后说

32、明所提出的算法局限于平面问题，并指出进一步研究的方向。 前两条可以认为是“结果”，即本文工作的简明概括，算法要点及其实现；后两条是结论，阐明工作的普遍意义及其局限性，井提出进一步的工作,a,V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper an alternative approach to simulated annealing using decaying chaotic noise for solving combinatorial optimization problems is proposed. The dynamics of the proposed network is

33、 composed of two combined dynamics. The transiently chaotic dynamics at the early stage is used to search for finding a valley involving globally optimal solution. At the later stage, the proposed network is then fundamentally reined by the gradient descent dynamics of the HNN and usually converges

34、to a stable equilibrium point. Compared with other models mentioned in section I in terms of optimization performance, computational efficiency and ease of choosing parameters, the proposed network possesses the following advantages: 1. The rate of global optimization of the proposed approach is hig

35、her than that of other approaches 10, 15. 2. The parameters like and can be easily chosen because the performance is insensitive to their choices (Table 1 and 2), although the number of required iterations increases as chaos parameter increases or as the decaying rate decreases. Rangarjan et als alg

36、orithm requires fewer parameters 17, but the parameters in new algorithm can be determined easily and do not vary much from problem to problem. 3. The computational cost is smaller. If the same decaying rate in new method is chosen as that in Chen & Aiharas method, the computational cost of the meth

37、od is a little smaller than that of Chen & Aiharas method. But the decaying rate in the method can be chosen much larger than that in other method (Table 4), therefore the computational cost of the method is much smaller,a,Compared with other methods, the proposed method has a high feasibility, good

38、 robustness and not problem-specific. Like Chen and Aiharas method, the proposed method has a transiently chaotic simulated annealing property. stands for the strength of the chaotic noise, and parameter can be considered as a damping speed parameter of the chaotic noise, which controls the simulate

39、d annealing speed. Because gradually decreases as the network iterates, the method has the property of adaptive annealing. The proposed method offers a robust and efficient approach to global optimization, as shown in the experiments on TSP. Applying the approach to other difficult and bigger combin

40、atorial optimization problems will also be studied in the forthcoming papers,a,七、Stating the Acknowledgements 致谢 见谢博士论文致谢 例1 博士学位论文“Chebychev fitting of po1ygons，p1anes，and ones”的致谢(From Chatterjee，Goutam，PhD dissertation, Stanford University,1998) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to sincerely thank DrB

41、enard Roth for his continuous guidance during the course of my thesis workProfessor Roth was always available for discussion and may of his ideas presented in this thesis wee initiated during such meetingsI also appreciate his effort of ensuring a continuous f1ow of funds for the four years of this

42、searchI would like to thank Dr Debra for his helpful suggestions and commentsHe provided me with the MATLAB code for the leastsquare fitting of a cone. I used the values generated by that code as the initial guess in an iteration on scheme designed to determine the Chebychev cone. I would like to th

43、ank Dr. Beach for serving on my reading committee，it was in a course on Precision Engineering offered by DrBeach and Dr. Debra，that I first had handOn experience with a Coordinate Measuring Machine inc. who introduced me to the concept of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing and imperfect Geometry

44、 in a seminar organized by Gravity Probe Bat Stanford,a,The financial support for this research came m in the form of a teaching assistantship(1993一1994) From the Department of Mechanical Engineering，Stanford University，and as research group from the Stanford Integrated Manufacturing Association(199

45、4一1996)，and from the Aluminum Company of America(ALCOA)(1996一1997)，in this regard，I would like to acknowledge the effort of Dr.Ralph Sheey and Dr. An Jaworski of ALCOA for arranging the funds, and for providing me with opportunity to work onsite with ALCOA for three weeks，in addition，the interest sh

46、own by General Motor and，its representative Dr. Madhusudam Reghavan in my research was a source of encouragement. My thanks go to several others who provided both technica1 and nontechnical help toward the completion of this workThis includes the Design Division Administrative Staff, Sweet Hall Cons

47、ultants, my supportive roommates，and officemates，among others. Particular mention should be made to Jamey Nielsen，my officemate with whom I have discussed several of the ideas presented in his thesis. The friendly advice and comments of Craig Lawrence，Ricardo Matone，and Mahesh Damodare are also warm

48、ly acknowledged,a,八、 参考文献- 论文前沿性的有力支撑 -References Citing 在引言中介绍问题的工程背景与历史背景时，势必引用大量参考文献。提出问题也涉及许多已发表的论文。参考文献引用最多的地方，无疑是“引言”。当然在正文或文章的其它部分，例如结果、结论中也有些地方需要引用参考文献。 特别指出的是，审稿人往往由此判断你是否了解该问题的现状，是否尊重前人工作，是否了解国际上权威人士的工作，是否言之有据，以及你本人工作基础等，这是很重要的,a,8.1 引用参考文献的目的(Purpose of references citation,注明前人工作的出处表示对前人贡

49、献的尊重，也是科学 工作者的基本道德。 在引言中为了说明问题的背景，问题的依据，交代文章的 在正文作为论证、论述、推理的背景或依据。 引用已有的方法、结果、结论，避免不必要的重复叙述 在“结果”或“结论”中为了将本文的研究成果与已有的研 究成果相比较。 为有兴趣的读者提供进一步查询的资料、信息,a,8.2 参考文献的选择(Choice of references) 必须是与本文直接有关的,必须是引用者阅读过的。 最好是在著名杂志上发表的. 最好是近期(510年内)发表的，学位论文(特别是 博士学位论文)要求杳考过最新发表的文献， 如果能找到有关课题的述评，应优先引用一篇好 的述评可以概括一系列

50、的文献 普通书籍，如大学本科生教材、c浯言设计，工程 手册等一般不列入参考文献。 因为这些内容是本 科学生的起码知识，并不具专业水平。如果是引 用书中的内容，必须注明在该书的哪页,a,REFERENCES,1 C. R. Reeves, Modern Heuristic Techniques for Combinatorial Problems. Oxford: Blackwell. 1993 2 S. H. Zanakis, J. R. Evans, and A. A. Vazacopoulos, “Heuristic Methods and Applications: a Categori

51、zed Survey,” Europ. J. Operational. Res., Vol. 43, pp. 88-110, 1989 3 J. J. Hopfield and D. W. Tank, Neural Computation of Decisions in Optimization Problems, Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 52, pp. 141-152, 1985 4 J. J. Hopfield, “Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computati

52、onal Abilities,” in Proc. Nat. Academy. Sci. USA, 1982, Vol. 79, pp. 2554-2558 5 J. J. Hopfield, “Neurons with Graded Response have Collective Computational Properties like those of Two-state Neurons,” in Proc. Nat. Academy. Sci. USA, 1984, Vol. 81, pp. 3088-3092 6 G. V. Wilson and G. S. Pawley, “On

53、 the stability of the traveling salesman problem algorithm of Hopfield and Tank,” Biol. Cybern., Vol. 58, pp. 63-70, 1988 7 W. J. Freeman, “Tutorial on Neurobiology: from Single Neurons to Brain Chaos,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, Vol. 2, pp. 451-482, 1992 8 L. Wang, “Oscillatory

54、 and Chaotic Dynamics in Neural Networks Under Varying Operating Conditions,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, Vol. 7, pp. 1382-1388, 1996 9 K. Aihara, T. Takabe, and M. Toyoda, “Chaotic Neural Networks,” Physics Letter A, Vol. 144, pp. 333-340, 1990 10 L. Chen and K. Aihara, “Chaotic Simulated Annealin

55、g by a Neural Network Model with Transient Chaos,” Neural Networks, Vol. 8, pp. 915-930, 1995,a,11 M. Hasegawa, T. Ikeguchi, and T. Matozaki, “Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems by Nonlinear Neural Dynamics,” IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks Proceedings, Perth, 1995, Vol. 6,

56、 pp. 3140-3145. 12 H. Nozawa, “A Neural Network Model as a Globally Coupled Map and Applications based on Chaos,” Chaos, Vol. 2, pp. 377-386, 1992 13 L. Chen and K. Aihara, “Chaos and Asymptotical Stability in Discrete-time Neural Networks,” Physica D, Vol. 104, pp. 286-325, 1997 14 L. Wang and K. S

57、mith, “On Chaotic Simulated Annealing,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, Vol. 9, pp. 716-718, 1998 15 Y. Hayakawa, A. Marumoto, and Y. Sawada, “Effects of the chaotic noise on the performance of a neural network model for optimization problems,” Physical Review E, Vol. 51, pp. 2693-2696, 1995 16 G. Rein

58、elt, “TSPLIB-A Traveling Salesman Problem Library,” ORSA J. On Computing, Vol. 3, pp. 376-384, 1991 17 A. Rangarajan, S. Gold, and E. Mjolsness, “A Novel Optimizing Network Architecture with Applications,” Neural Computation, Vol. 8, pp. 1041-1060, 1996 18 M. Hasegawa, et al, “An Analysis on Additiv

59、e Effects of Nonlinear Dynamics for Combinatorial Optimization,” IEICE Trans., Vol. E80-A, pp. 206-213, 1997 19 I. Tokuda, et al, “Adaptive Annealing for Chaotic Optimization,” Physical Review E, Vol. 58, pp. 5157-5160, 1998 20 S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, “Optimization by Simulat

60、ed Annealing,” Science, Vol. 220, pp. 671-680, 1983 21 E. Aarts and J. Korst, Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines. Chichester: John Wiley. 1989,a,经验之谈,以论文为主，书（专著）为辅，特别少引用教科书；例如C+，面向对象的C+之类； 以外文（英文）为主，中文为辅； 以近五年的论文为主（自己亲自读过,a,九、投稿从主编和评审人的角度考察论文 - Manuscript Submitting,9.1 选择合适的刊物,Learning from