英语教学中的测试与评价方法ppt课件

1、Testing Diagnostic purpose; Assessment for learning; Teacher or learner-initiated,Summative Assessment: Being carried out at the end of a course; Grading purpose, assign a course grade; Assessment of learning; Teacher-initiated,2.2 Criterion-referenced Relatively consistent Being used to establish a

2、 persons competence; Examples: Driving tests, IELTS, TEM, etc,Norm-referenced Assessment: A way of comparing candidates to identify whether the test taker performed better or worse than other test takers; Varying from year to year; Being used for selection; Examples: CEE (gaokao), TOEFL,2.3 Objectiv

3、e Objective scoring, no judgment on the part of the scorer. Examples: true/false, multiple choice, matching questions,Subjective Assessment: More than one way of expressing the correct answer; Subective scoring, calling for judgment on the part of the scorer. Examples: extended-response questions an

4、d essays,2.4 Tests Classified According to Testing Purposes,Proficiency Test 水平测试、能力测试 Achievement Test 成绩测试、学业测试 Placement Test 分级测试、分班测试 Aptitude Test 能力倾向测试、学能测试 Diagnostic Test 诊断测试,Proficiency Test,Measuring language proficiency The content 考试内容: Not based on the content of a language course wh

5、ich people taking the test may have followed. It is based on a specification of what candidates have to be able to do in the language in order to be considered proficient. Examples: SAT, ACT, CEE, IELTS, PSC, PETS, BEC,Achievement Test,Examining how successful a student, a teacher, or a syllabus, or

6、 a method is. Being closely linked to the course material used in class. Final achievement tests are those administered at the end of a course of study. Progress achievement tests are intended to measure the progress that students are making,Placement Test,To identify the appropriate stage of langua

7、ge course according to students ability. To assign students to the appropriate level of classes they should take,Aptitude Test,Measuring the extent to which an individual possesses specific language learning ability Being usually used for selection and diagnosis and for prediction of language learni

8、ng success. Components of language aptitude: phonetic coding ability (sound discrimination and memory), grammatical sensitivity (recognizing the grammatical function of words), rote learning ability for new sound and meaning inductive learning ability for language patterns,Diagnostic Test,To show st

9、udents strengths and weaknesses,2.5 Discrete-point Effective for testing grammar, vocabulary and intensive reading; A good indicator of overall language proficiency. Disadvantages: There may have multiple correct answers,3.6 True/False,Decide if the statement is true or false. England won the world

10、cup in 1966. T/F The candidate must decide if a statement is true or false,Advantages: Test listening Being closely related to grammar translation method; Testing spelling, listening and recognition,Standard dictation 标准听写 Partial dictation 部分听写 Dictation with competing noise 干扰听写 Dictation-composit

11、ion 听写作文 Elicited imitation 复述听写,3.9 Open Questions,Answer the questions. Why did John steal the money? Here the candidate must answer simple questions after reading or listening or as part of an oral interview,Advantages: Useful for testing any of the four skills, but less useful for testing gramma

12、r or vocabulary. Disadvantages: More difficult and time consuming to grade An element of subjectivity involved in judging how complete the answer is,3.10 Short Answer Questions,Requiring the learner to write a word, phrase, number or symbol; often based on a passage; Sometines with a limit of words

13、in one answer (3-5 words,3.11 Essay Writing,Being widely used Often being criticized for their lack of objectivity. Requirements for writing,用词正确 语句通顺 结构合理 内容符合要求 文体得当 (措辞和行文 正式-非正式) The two new senators have proved themselves exceptionally able (guys/men). Writing a letter to a close friend or writ

14、ing a job application letter,Types of Essay Writing,单句写作 He doesnt like dogs as much as his wife does. His wife likes dogs better than him. 组句成章 （）They are students. （）Mr and Mrs White have two sons. （）Now Ben and Jerry are playing football with their father. （）Alice is only three. （）The boys have a

15、 sister, Alice. （）Their names are Ben And Jerry. （）Alice is sitting on the grass with her mother,Advantages: Inegrative Disadvantages: Difficult to score reliably and time-consuming to grade Often affected by handwriting, presence or spelling errors, grammar used the subjective judgments of the grad

16、er. Training of graders: time-consuming and needs to be repeated at frequent intervals throughout the grading,3.12 Translation,Used method of testing in both classroom assessment and formal test. Criteria of good translation vary,4. General Criteria of Language Testing,4.1 Practicality,Factors to co

17、nsider: Financial limitations; Time constraints; Ease of administration; Scoring,A test that is prohibitively expensive is impractical. A test that takes a students ten hours to complete is impractical. A test that requires individual one-to-one proctoring is impractical. A test that takes a few min

18、utes for a student to take and several hours for an examiner to evaluate is impractical. A test that can be scored only by computer is impractical if the test takes place a thousand miles away from the nearest computer,3.2 Reliability 信度,A consistent measure of performance. 可靠性/稳定性 Sources of unreli

19、ability: the test itself or the scoring of the test, that is, test reliability and rater reliability. Test reliability: the consistency of results if giving the same test to the same subject on two different occasions. Scoring or rater reliability: the consistency of scoring by two or more scorers o

20、r by the same scorer on different occasions,3.3 Validity 效度,The degree to which the test actually measures what is intended to measure; Test what is important to test, not what is easy to test; The most complex and important criterion of a good test,Types of Validity,Content validity 内容效度 Construct

21、validity 构念效度 Face validity 表面效度 Not what a test actually measures, but what it superficially appears to measure Criterion validity 标准效度 The extent to which the tests are related to concrete criteria in the real world,The extent to which a test is relevant and representative of what it is used to me

22、asure. 内容与测试目标是否有关 测试内容是否具有代表性 测试内容是否适合测试对象,The degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring based on a theoretical guidance 试题是否以有效的语言观为依据； “结构或构念”指整个考试的理论基础,How to improve validity of a test: Specification of what is to be measured based on course syllubus; Construction of the te

23、st items; Review by experienced teachers and experts,4.4 Backwash 反拨作用,Backwash: the effect of testing on teaching and learning. Backwash can be harmful (teaching to the test）or beneficial (diagnostic and promoting improvement,4.5 Difficulty and Discrimination,Index of difficulty 难度系数 Discrimination

24、 区分度 (区分考生能力的程度,5. Developing Multiple-Choice Questions,What to measure,To measure knowledge recall as well as higher order thinking. Four types of content (facts, concepts, principles, and procedures) and five types of cognitive behaviors (recalling, understanding, predicting, evaluating, and probl

25、em solving,Factual information,True False The capital of Kentucky is Louisville. Multiple Choice Which city is the capital of Kentucky? A. Frankfort B. Lexington C. Louisville D. Paducah,Higher order thinking,What is likely to happen to mortgage interest rates when interest rates on savings go up? A

26、. Increase B. Decrease C. No change D. Unpredictable,True/False or may test knowledge or ability to recall,A. The stem 题干,Be meaningful and provide a definite problem Include as much of the item as possible. 1. The talk show host can _ the president brilliantly. A take on B take after C take for D t

27、ake off Be stated positively; if negatives are included they should be highlighted (in capital letters or bold type)NOT EXCEPT,Be stated simply and not contain irrelevant information NOT include the phrase what do you think . . . because any answer will have to be considered correct,B. Distrators or

28、 Alternatives 选项,Fit the stem grammatically Fit the stem in number (singular/plural - do/does, single/multiple - cause/causes) Be brief Be presented in logical order (alphabetical, chronological, etc.,Include only one correct or clearly best answer Provide three to five options, including the correct answer NOT include a key word (or words) that appear in the correct/best answer Use none of the above and all of the above infrequently. Should all be plausible. Avoid using Both B and D