词汇学-- 词性转换法.ppt

1、Week 5,Sandy,转化法 Conversion,英语中有些单词,词形不变, 词性却可以由一种转化成另一种。这就是转化。 单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。 也叫做“零位后缀派生法”或“零位派生法”；,It has a good taste.,It taste very good.,record,n.记录,v. 记录,He broke the record.,He lies to record something while reading a book.,转化法,名词转化为动词 形容词转化为动词 动词转化为名词 形容词转化为名词 其他词类之间的转化,water, dro

2、p, hard, show, face, walk, visit, late,Could you _me the position of the station on the map ? A lot of ancient things are on _in the museum. Flowers should be _every day. Its important for our human beings to save _. _in the countryside is very comfortable. The old man often have a _after supper. Sh

3、e studies _than any other students in her class. The problem was too _ for us to work it out.,water, drop, hard, show, face, walk, visit, late,What is the _news today ? She came to school _ this morning. Her parents were on a _to Xinjiang. The Great Wall is _by millions of people every year. There w

4、as a big smile on the teachers _. The little girl was crying because she was _a tiger. We _in on one of our friends last Saturday. A _of ink fell onto his clothes.,名词转化为动词,表示物品、器具和地点的名词转化为动词，表示把放人，或置于之中。如：The books have already been shelved. 表示人物称呼的名词转化为动词表示具有这类人的典型特征。如：Whenever I am sick, my mother

5、 doctors me and nurses me carefully. 表示人体各部分的名词几乎都可以转化为动词，通常用来表示工具。如：He tried very hard to elbow his way to the front. 表示动物，植物及其典型动作的名词转化为动词时，有很强的隐喻含义。如：The company has branched out all over the world. 表示物质和实物的名词转化为动词通常表示结果，具有“使成为”，或“把变成”的含义.如：Where can we cash some money? 抽象名词转化为动词。如：We are angered

6、 by his unruly behavior. 表示时间的名词转化为动词。如：He has been dating the pretty girl for about five years.,练习,Have you booked your ticket？ It can seat a thousand people. Well back you up. Well head for Yunnan tomorrow. If so, we shall be badly fooled. We were hosted by members of the embassy. This helped to b

7、ridge over our difficulties. For six days and nights they battled to save his life. Through my childhood, I had hungered for education. Over 1,000 students stormed into the building.,形容词转化为动词,1) 大多数转化动词既可以用作及物动词，表示to make，也可以用作不及物动词，表示to become，如:empty to makeempty: The boy empties the litter bin ev

8、eryday. to became empty: The room emptied quickly after school. 类似的词还有：calm, warm, narrow, clear, dim, cool等等。 2）有的形容词只能转化为及物动词，如bare(暴露)、free（释放）、humble（降低身份）、blind（使失明）。如： She freed the bird from the cage. We will never humble ourselves to talk to this stupid man.,练习,(1)The train slowed down to ha

9、lf its speed. (2)This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them. (3)Please warm up the dish over the stove. (4)The room gradually quieted down. (5)Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. (6)Nothing dries sooner than a tear. (7)Shelly was unable to calm her. (8)They braved t

10、he bitter cold to complete the railway. (9)Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean. (10)Dont dirty your clothes. (11)He felt himself wronged. (12)The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight. (13)He lowered his voice.,3.其他此类转化为动词,1)由副词转化来的动词 如：She downed a glass of milk. 2)由连词转化成的动词 如：But m

11、e no buts.,动词转化成名词,转化后词形不变，词义基本保持原来的含义或略微有所引申。如：Every student has a say here. 这类名词前加不定冠词表示一个动词时，常常和get，give，have，take等连用，常构成动词短语。如： have a swim/drink/talk/dispute make a deal/guess/survey/show take a look/walk/glance/rest give a cry/laugh/grunt/start 多数直接转化的名词和加后缀构成的名词之间具有一些微妙的差别。转化名词通常表示的是某一次的短暂动作或

12、状态;而派生的词则表示一般现象或通常发生的动作，如: Our next move will be decided very soon. He stands in front of the audience without movement.,形容词转化为名词,形容词转化为名词可分为两类，一类是完全转化(full conversion), 另一类是部分转化(partial conversion) 完全转化：完全转化为名词的形容词具有名词的全部特征，能作不可数名词表示抽象概念，能加s构成复数，加s构成所有格，也可以用形容词来修饰。如：black blackthe blacks the blacks

13、 tradition the injured black 一些表示有某些特征或表示有某种信仰，某一国籍或某一组织的人称名词很多来自形容词，如：American, Catholic, Christian, Socialist等；有些则是短语的修饰成分，经过缩略后变成名词，如：shorts=short trousers; a wrong=a wrong thing. 部分转化: 部分转化为名词的形容词通常不具有名词的全部特征，一般带有定冠词，作为复数来表示一个整体，如一类人或物。与完全转化为名词的形容词相比具有以下三个特征:多数无词尾变化，不能表示多数;无所有格;仍存在形容词特征，可用副词修饰，有

14、比较级和最高级。如： The young should take good care of the old. He is always interested in the new. We are trying our hardest to finish the task before the deadline.,练习,(1)Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population. (2)When is your French oral? (3)Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940

15、. (4)There is only one black in my class. (5)She is investigating the ancients conception of the universe. (6)He is a natural for the job. (7)It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong. (8)They are running in the final . (9)Our six-year-old is at school. 再如: in short, for short, i

16、n general, for free,in red, in public, in common等.,其它词类转化为名词,除了动词和形容词之外，还有一些词类可以转化为名词，但是为数不多，而且用法也比较固定。如: Are you talking about a she or he? I dont want those seconds, because they have some defects. I dont know any ifs, ands, buts; do it at once! I want to know the ins and outs of the whole event.,

17、练习,1. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. 2. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. 3. Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house. 4. I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming of all I

18、have in store for you. 5. Some of the diseases spread is due to global warming.,其它词类之间的转化,除了以上词类的转化外，还有其它词类的转化。虽然这些转化涉及各类词，但是构成的词类数量有限。如: How long does it take to go to Beijing and back? (名词副词) Stupid! Dont do that again! （形容词感叹词） Easy come, easy go.（形容词副词） I dont have one; neither do I want.（形容词连词） Take your hand off mine! （副词介词） Why did you first talk to him? （数词副词） 词性转化的灵活多样，使一些词汇具有了高强的生命力，大大丰富了英语词汇。,练习,1.In