2011张剑年考研英语模拟题8与精析

1、张剑考研英语试题及分析Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious bluep

2、rints1 the construction of idea_l_ states, such as_2_ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected_3_ valueless, intellectual exercises like Platos Republic, in_4_ the relationship of the individual to the state was_5_ out painstakingly without reference to_6_ states

3、 or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Ciceros De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in _7_. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it_8_ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was_9_ to have received authority from t

4、he gods, specifically from Jupiter, the guarantor of Rome. All constitutional_10_was a method of conferring and administering the_11_. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the_12_, the family heads who formed the original senate,_13_the religious character necessary to exercise aut

5、hority, because its original function was to_14_the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved_15_to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on_16_months, and later extending its possession to lower officials._17_the important achiev

6、ement was to create the idea of continuing_18_authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only_19_the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous _20_, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.1.A with B for C in D

7、to2. A tempted B attracted C appealed D transferred3. A on B for C as D about4. A which B that C what D it5. A turned B worked C brought D made6. A special B specific C peculiar D particular7. A existence B store C reality D mind8. A abandoned B caught C separated D involved9. A told B held C sugges

8、ted D advised10. A tendency B procedure C development D relation11. A authority B power C control D ruling12. A officers B men C administrators D fathers13. A possessed B claimed C assured D enforced14. A confirm B confer C consult D consider15. A over B along C on D about16. A alternate B different

9、 C varied D several17. A And B So C Or D But18. A state B country C people D national19. A as B when C if D so20. A dimension B complexity C exercise D functionSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.

10、Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage 1Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the childs individual personality, characteristics, age at the time

11、 of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that f

12、ound in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is

13、some relationship between age and childrens characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to an

14、y one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature

15、of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are sti

16、ll noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater i

17、mpact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of

18、 self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.1. Temperamental, irritable kids h

19、ave difficulty adapting to parental divorce because.A they care too much about the life changeB the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityC they tend to lose temper easily and are sensitive to the life changeD they are faced with more parents fights than the relaxed, easygoing child

20、ren2. The following statements are true EXCEPT.A divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonB a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parentsC as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorceD a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older bo

21、y3. It can be inferred from the passage that the impact of divorce.A on kids of different sexes will probably change as they grow olderB may cause most kids difficulties in communicating with othersC on an irritable girl is greater than a noncompliant boyD is always greater on boys than on girls4. A

22、ccording to the author, the reason why parental divorce has greater effect on boys than on girls is that.A all cultures encourage male aggression and noncomplianceB boys are always involved in their parents fightsC males are usually viewed as the models in self-control and strong willD boys are basi

23、cally more self-disciplined than girls5. What is the main idea of the passage?A Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life.B The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender.C Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted famil

24、ies.D Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.Passage 2As a young bond trader, Buttonwood was given two pieces of advice, trading rules of thumb, if you will: that bad economic news is good news for bond markets and that every utterance dropping from the lips of Paul Volcker, t

25、he then chairman of the Federal Reserve, and the man who restored the central banks credibility by stomping on runaway inflation, should be respected than Popes orders. Todays traders are, of course, a more sophisticated bunch. But the advice still seems good, apart from two slight drawbacks. The fi

26、rst is that the well-chosen utterances from the present chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, is of more than passing difficulty. The second is that, of late, good news for the economy has not seemed to upset bond investors all that much. For all the cheer that has crackled down the wires

27、, the yield on ten-year bonds-which you would expect to rise on good economic news-is now, at 4.2%, only two-fifths of a percentage point higher than it was at the start of the year. Pretty much unmoved, in other words.Yet the news from the economic front has been better by far than anyone could hav

28、e expected. On Tuesday November 25th, revised numbers showed that Americas economy grew by an annual 8.2% in the third quarter, a full percentage point more than originally thought, driven by the ever-spendthrift American consumer and, for once, corporate investment. Just about every other piece of

29、information coming out from special sources shows the same strength. New houses are still being built at a fair clip. Exports are rising, for all the protectionist crying. Even employment, in what had been mocked as a jobless recovery, increased by 125,000 or thereabouts in September and October. Ri

30、sing corporate profits, low credit spreads and the biggest-ever rally in the junk-bond market do not, on the face of it, suggest anything other than a deep and long-lasting recovery. Yet Treasury-bond yields have fallen.If the rosy economic backdrop makes this odd, making it doubly odd is an apparen

31、t absence of foreign demand. Foreign buyers of Treasuries, especially Asian certral banks, who had been swallowing American government debt like there was no tomorrow, seem to have had second thoughts lately. In September, according to the latest available figures, foreigners bought only $56 billion

32、 of Treasuries, compared with $25.1 billion the previous month and an average of $38.7 billion in the preceding four months. In an effort to keep a lid on the yens rise, the Japanese central bank is still busy buying dollars and parking the money in government debt. Just about everyboby else seems t

33、o have been selling.1.The advice for Buttonwood suggests that.A Paul Volcker enjoyed making comments on controlling inflationB the Federal Reserve has an all-capable power over inflation controlC economy has the greatest influence upon the daily life of ordinary peopleD the economic sphere and bond

34、markets are indicative of each other2. The word passing(Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means.A instant B trivial C simple D negligible3. Which of the following is responsible for the rapid economic growth in the US?A Domestic consumers. B Foreign investments.C Real estate market. D Recovering bo

35、nd market.4. According to the last paragraph, most Asian central banks are becoming.A rather regretful B less ambitiousC more cautious D speculative5. The phrase keep a lid on(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means.A put an end to B set a limit onC tighten the control over D reduce the speed ofPas

36、sage 3Material culture refers to the touchable, material things-physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a cultures tools and technology can tell us about the groups history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help

37、 us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of things in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cu

38、ltures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over

39、 a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people le

40、arn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and dif

41、ferent songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole. Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in

42、folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, peoples aspiration will always focus on their individuality rat

43、her than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of musics material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other dev

44、elopments. This is all part of the information-revolution, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe. 1. Which of the following does n

45、ot belong to material culture?A Instruments. B Music. C Paintings. D Sheet music.2. The word phonograph(Line 5-6, Paragraph 1) most probably means.A record player B radio C musical techniqueD music culture3. The main idea of the first paragraph is.A the importance of cultural tools and technologyB t

46、he cultural influence of the development of civilizationC the focus of the study of the material culture of musicD the significance of the research into the musical instruments4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of printed music?A Reading of music notation has a great impact on musicians.B

47、 People may draw imspiration from it.C The music culture will be influenced by it in the end.D Songs tend to be standardized by it.5. From the third paragraph, we may infer that.A traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservationB the universal features shared by all cultures arent worthy of n

48、oticeC musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional musicD the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fosteredPassage 4Ive never met a human worth cloning, says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. Its a

49、stupid endeavor. Thats an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in clon

50、ing Missy later this year-or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of mans best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusins experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity pr

51、oject, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missys DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when youre dealing with cats or bulls,

52、 he argues, but not with humans. Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous, he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusins phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily

53、. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missys mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. Hes plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missys fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperame

54、nt. In a statement of purpose, Missys owners and the A&M team say they are both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusins work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive,

55、will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. Why would you ever want to clone humans, Westhusin asks, when were not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet? 1. Which of the following best represents Mr. Wes

56、thusins attitude toward cloning?A Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.B Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.C Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.D Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.2. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probab

57、ly because.A there isnt enough fund to support the researchB cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bullsC Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the businessD the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet3. When Mr. Westhusin says . cloning is dangerous, he implies that.A lab technicians may be affected by chemicalsB cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseasesC experiments may waste lots of livesD cloned animals could outlive the natural ones4. We can infer from the third paragraph that.A rich people are more interested in cloning huma