养老外文翻译

1、郑州轻工业学院 本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译 题 目： 郑州市日间照料中心发展 现状状及存在问题研究 学生姓名： 张 飞 专业班级： 劳动与社会保障11级1班 学 号： 4 院 （系）: 政法学院 指导教师(职称): 杨岚（讲师） 完成时间: 2015年 4月 1日 Assessing the needs of older people in AlbaniaBackgroundAccording to the information provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the proportion of the

2、population over 65 years of age in Albania has reached 12%in 2010.Furthermore, projections suggest that the proportion of older people in Albania will double over the next 35 years. Coupled with falling birth rates and increasing life expectancy, this will eventually lead to a substantial reduction

3、of the economically active proportion of the population. At the same time, high levels of chronic illness, a huge burden of avoidable disability, economic deprivation and a lack of social opportunities mean that most elderly people in Albania are in a struggle to survive rather than enjoying the per

4、sonal and social possibilities common in many other European countries. Consequently, the Albanian society as a whole is deprived of much of the contribution it could gain from the experience of its older citizens.Demographic trends mixed with a society in economic and political transition raise con

5、cerns about increasing needs for care and social inclusion of older people in Albania. Moreover, there is a low level of preparation of the Albanian society to cope with chronic diseases and long-term care. Complex policies and actions should be considered by a number of stake holders, including gov

6、ernment and civic society in Albania.Aim and Objectives of the research workThe aim of the current study was to obtain relevant information in order to respond to needs of older people as they see them. Specific objectives of the research work were as follows:To assess the quality of social services

7、 and health care services for elderly people from their perspective.To assess the difficulties and potential barriers of elderly people to access social services and health care services in Albania.To understand the determinants and the link between formal care, informal care and social services for

8、 elderly people in Albania.To assess and identify the appropriate strategies for involving older persons in taking decisions self empowerment.MethodologyParticipatory research: the approach of this study consisted of a close collaboration with and direct involvement of older people in all activities

9、 of the research work. This approach has the potential to address the needs of older persons as felt by the older persons themselves, in their own environment and during a long period of time. Qualitative research methodology was employed consisting of focus groups and in-depth inter views, as descr

10、ibed below:Focus group discussions were conducted in all prefectures of Albania involving old people aged 65+ years (there are 12 major administrative units in Albania referred to as prefectures).Overall, 12 focus groups were conducted one in each prefecture of Albania. The overall number of partici

11、pants in the focus groups was 107 (on average, there were 9 participants in each focus group).Detailed notes were taken from all focus group discussions for later analysis. It must be emphasized that all notes from the focus groupdiscussions were typed in an anonymous manner (i.e. all identifying in

12、formation including participants names was removed).Immediately after each focus group discussion, the facilitator and note taker met with each-other in order to review the main themes of thediscussion. The main patterns of responses were subsequently summarized. Responses from the discussions were

13、analyzed by arranging the min the general categories identified in the inter view guide. After arrangement of responses, the different positions or opinions were identified.The experts performing the qualitative data analysis summarized the various opinions, assessed the degree of consensus or diffe

14、rences expressed by the groups and synthesized the themes or patterns that emerged from the information collected in the focus-groups.In-depth interviews were also conducted with key informants working in senior leadership positions at local government and/or district social insurance institutes (wh

15、ich are branches of the Albanian Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare).The aim of in-depth inter views was to obtain additional and valuable information related to elderly peoples social and health needs, barriers to access services, and level of decision making and social participation in the Alban

16、ian society.Focus groups with old peopleThe main themes that emerged from focus-group discussions with old people are summarized below:Socioeconomic situation of old people: According to participants in the focus groups, the elderly people in Albania face many financial challenges and socioeconomic

17、problems which are worsened by the rapid transition from a centralized system towards a market-oriented economy which is associated with serious difficulties for this vulnerable segment of the population. Old people feel even more frustrated from the fact that both the local and central institutions

18、 (such as e.g. the National Institute of Statistics) claim that elderly people are not the most socioeconomic disadvantaged age-group of the population (according to these institutions, small children are the most disadvantaged population subgroup), which poses serious difficulties for the work carr

19、ied out by the institutions, agencies, civil society and non-governmental associations working with elderly people in Albania. Elderly people expressed similar concerns, problems and distress related to their poor socioeconomic conditions. The lack of money even for simple survival was one of the ke

20、y complaints in almost all of the focus group discussions. Thus, old people reported that after they pay the bills for electricity and running water, they are left with insufficient money for food and essential medications which they need for treatment of several chronic conditions such as high bloo

21、d pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems and many other diseases which they currently suffer from. The pretty low standard of living is quite obvious and is a daily source of economic and psychosocial distress for most of elderly people in Albania. Consistent with prio

22、r reports, the overall monthly income (including social pension and other sources of income available) reported by elderly people residing in urban areas was on average below100 ,whereas in rural areas it was below50 . Elderly people living in urban areas though have a somewhat better standard of li

23、ving compared with those who live in rural areas.Health status of old people: Similar concerns were expressed by elderly people with regard to the health status and health care services. Elderly people residing in urban areas have a better access to health care services, whereas those living in rura

24、l areas face serious difficulties to access health services. The lack of afford ability of medications is a serious concern expressed by almost all elderly persons. Thus, the vast majority of elderly people have no money to buy the prescribed drugs. Those who can afford have nevertheless to choose t

25、he cheapest drugs which are often ineffective to control such chronic conditions as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes. As a result, compatible with prior reports, chronic diseases are not kept under control and the health conditions of many elderly people tend to worsen due to ineff

26、ective treatment. This was felt by most of participants who attended the focus group discussions.Self-perceived image and social position of old people: According to perceptions of old people, historically, the elderly have been respected and well-recognized in the Albanian society. They have been a

27、ppreciated for their authoritative work, wisdom, dignity and experience accumulated during their lifetime. However, according to old peoples feelings and perceptions from focus group discussions, this is not the case in the new system (alias the transitional period from the former communist regime i

28、nto a market-oriented system)where old people feel that the society considers this segment of the population as a huge economic burden and a futile subgroup for the society on the whole. According to old people, this is especially the case for women who are often victims of negative stereotypes: ins

29、tead of being recognized for their values, skills, capability and contribution, old women in Albania are not appreciated and excluded from the society both at local and national levels. Furthermore, in old people s view, media is not playing its role in promoting old women values and their huge pote

30、ntial for contributing in decision making and participation in the Albanian society.Thus, regarding social contacts and social networks, elderly people tended to express family and community negligence. The lack of sufficient respect is the most frustrating issue according to the perceptions and fee

31、lings of elderly people. Most of the elderly people reported that they hardly get any chances to actively contribute and to be includedin different community activities and programs. Elderly people feel that their voice is totally neglected and nobody cares about their opinion. In conclusion, it was

32、 felt during the focus groups discussions that elderly people in Albania have no effective means of social participation.Violence and abuse against old people: According to old people in Albania, there is a lot of psychological abuse and even physical violence that they currently suffer. Nevertheles

33、s, in the context of the Albanian society it is difficult to identify and address the issues related to abuse and violence against elderly. This is mainly due to the old traditions and mentality according to which such problems related to violence and abuse should be confined within household bounda

34、ries. Yet, several old people stated that they are aware of some key findings and reports from different surveys, according to which it was shown that the violence against old people in Albania is not trivial. Thus, in a focus group it was mentioned that prior reports in Albania had demonstrated tha

35、t daughters in law were responsible for 25.5% of cases of elderly abuse, son in law were responsible for 18.8%, own children were responsible for 12.5% of the cases, nephews and nieces for 17.4% of the cases and the neighbors were responsible for the rest. The main type of violence suffered from old

36、 people consists of psychological abuse (43.8%), where physical violence comprises 6.3%. Such reports emerging from old people themselves raise serious concerns and deserve special attention. Some salient direct quotations from the focus group discussions with elderly people in Albania are presented

37、 below:评估老年人的需求，在阿尔巴尼亚一 、背景根据国家研究所提供的资料统计（INSTAT），在2010年阿尔巴尼65岁以上的人口比例已经达到12，预测表明，在阿尔巴尼亚的老年人的比例将增加一倍，在未来35年,加上出生率下降和预期寿命延长，这将最终导致了经济活动的中人口比重的大幅减少。同时，严重的慢性疾病，经济贫困和缺乏的社会机会，成为阿尔巴尼亚的巨大负担，大多数老人都无法享受到社会提供的的良好生存保障，而不是像其他许多欧洲国家那样。因此，一个阿尔巴尼亚，它剥夺了社会的许多贡献，它可能从老年公民那获得经验。 阿尔巴尼亚的经济和政治混乱，在社会的人口发展趋势下，有关老年人的保健和社会包容性

38、的需求日益增加，引起社会的关注。此外，阿尔巴尼亚社会应对慢性疾病和长期护理，准备水平还很低。复杂的政策和行动涉及到很多利益相关者，包括阿尔巴尼亚政府和公民社会。二、研究工作的目的和目标当前研究的目的是为了获得相关信息，以应对老年人的需求，研究工作的具体目标如下： 社会服务和医疗保健服务的质量评估，从他们的角度来看老人。 评估老人的困难和潜在障碍，访问社会服务和医疗保健服务。理解的决定和正式照顾之间的联系，对老年人非正式的保健和社会服务。评估和确定适当的策略，以决定自我权力来涉及老年人。三、研究的方法论本研究的方法包括一个关闭所有活动中的合作和直接参与老年人的研究工作。这种做法有可能解决老年人的

39、需求，由老年人自己觉得，在自己的环境，并在相当长的时间内。定性研究方法，重点团体的意见，如下所述： 在阿尔巴尼亚的都道府县进行了焦点小组讨论涉及年龄在65岁以上的老人（有12个主要行政在阿尔巴尼亚的单位简称为县）。总体而言，12个焦点小组进行，每个县之一阿尔巴尼亚。在焦点团体的参与者总人数107（平均每个焦点小组的参与者有9）。详细说明所有焦点小组讨论，以供日后分析。必须强调的是，从焦点小组的所有音符讨论了在一个匿名的方式输入（即全部确定信息，包括参与者的名字被删除）。每个重点小组讨论，主持人，并注意后立即接受者会见了以审查的主要议题与每个其他讨论。随后总结反应的主要模式。从讨论的答复进行了分

40、析，安排审核无误在间认为的确定的一般类别的反应，不同的立场或意见的安排确定。进行定性数据分析,总结了各方面的意见，评估程度的共识，或表达的差异组和合成的主题或图案，出现其外信息收集的重点群体。还进行了深入访谈与关键线人工作在当地政府和/或地区的高级领导职务社会保险机构（这是阿尔巴尼亚部的分支机构劳动和社会福利）。在深度访谈的目的是获得额外的和有价值的有关老人人民的社会和健康的需求，障碍访问服务，决策和社会参与程度在阿尔巴尼亚的社会。四、老人集中小组：从老人们的小组讨论中出现的主要议题是总结如下：1、老人们的社会经济状况： 根据小组的参与者，在阿尔巴尼亚的老人面临着许多金融挑战和社会经济问题恶化从一个集中的系统的快速过渡，走向以市场为导向的经济，这是人口这一弱势群体的严重困难。老人们感到更加沮丧的事实，地方和中央机构（如如国家统计局）声称，老人是最弱势群体的社会经济人口的年龄组（根据这些机构，小的孩子