英语从句中引导词的选用

1、.英语从句中引导词的选用摘要：英语从句中引导词的选用既是难点，也是重点。本文分析讨论了如何选用从句的引导词，并总结出了一些有助于学生判断、选择的方法。关键词：英语从句；引导词；选用 作者简介：杨元军，任教于甘肃省宕昌县第一中学。高中英语中各类从句的教学重点和难点主要在于其引导词的选用、从句的省略，以及一些相关结构与从句的相互替换。笔者在平常的教学过程中根据自己的经验，对各类从句引导词的选用进行了一番探讨，并分析总结出一些比较系统的方法。首先，教师要根据整个句子结构对从句的类型进行分析和判断，确认被考查的是哪种从句，因为只有搞清楚从句类型，教师才能进一步就具体情况去研究分析。其次，教师还要根据语

2、法常识明确掌握引导词在从句中所担任的成分及其词义。这样，就能恰如其分地选出正确的引导词。一、名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词或名词短语，在一个主从复合句中，它可以作主语、表语、宾语或同位语，这类从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句四种类型。其引导词的选用主要有以下几种情况： (一)若从句陈述某一事实或情况，则引导词在从句中就不做任何成分而只起引导从句的作用，其引导词就用that，如：1.That he had met a kind policeman in this city gave us no surprise. 2.Word came that the students w

3、ould put off the outing until next week, when they wouldnt be busy. 在这类名词性从句中，引导词that 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略，而在宾语从句中有时可以省略，但如果是两个以上的宾语从句并列出现，则that在第二个及以后的从句中绝对不能省略,此外，介词except和in后的宾语从句引导词that不可省略。例如： I know (that) she was born in the countryside and that she came here to look for a job.另外，除了except和in

4、以外，介词后一般不跟that引导的宾语从句。 (二)若从句表示疑问、怀疑或不了解情况，且引导词不在句中作任何成分，引导词就用if或whether，意为“是否”,一般情况下二者可以互相替换，但在下列情形中只能用whether而不能用if。 1.当主语从句出现在句首时； 2.在表语从句、同位语从句及介词后的宾语从句中； 3.宾语从句的后半部分出现“or”表示选择时；例如：Whether she is coming on time still remains a problem.(三)若从句表示疑问、怀疑或不知道，而引导词在从句中担任某种成分，那么我们就要根据引导词的语法成分和词义来选用一些疑问词作

5、引导词。具体而言，引导词在从句中指人作主语就用who，作宾语用whom，作定语用whose；指物作主语、宾语或表语用what，作状语用when、where、how等。例如： 1.The word media basically refers to what we usually call newspapers, magazines, radios and TV. 2.Youd better choose whoever is kind and friendly to help you. 在这类从句中，如果要表达“无论”的含义时，从句引导词只能用wh.-ever而不能用“no matter wh

6、.-”这种结构。例如： 1.Whatever I said wouldnt make you believe me. 2.You can choose whenever you would like to come. reason (原因)后面的同位语从句引导词只能用why，他做主语时，其表语从句的引导词用that。例如：The reason why he quarreled with his wife is that she cares him too much.二、定语从句定语从句属形容词性从句，常用来修饰限制名词、名词短语或整个句子所描述的情况，其引导词一般都在句子中担任某种语法成分。对

7、于这种引导词我们可以根据其所指代的对象及其在从句中所担任的句子成分来进行选择。主要有以下几种情况：1.引导词指代人在从句中作主语用who或that， 作宾语用whom，还可以省略；2.引导词指代物在从中作主语或宾语用that或which,作宾语时还可以省略。如果从句的先行词是不定代词、序数词或形容词最高级，或者被序数词、形容词最高级或受the only,the very ,any ,few,little ,all 等形容词修饰限制时，或者先行词有两个以上而且既有人又有物时，或者主句的主语为who或which时，从句的引导词只能用that而不能用which或who；3.引导词前带有介词，引导词只

8、能用who或which；非限制性定语从句的引导词只能用who，which，where，when或as等，而不能用that。例如： (1)The train is the last that goes to Washington D.C. today. (2)Do you like the persons and the things that they are talking about. (3)Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose, which she doesnt like at all. 在引导非限制性定语从句时，which和as在用法上有

9、区别，从句在主句前出现时，引导词只能用as；而从句出现在主句后时，as引导从句意为“正如”，从句多用被动语态；而which没有实际意义，从句多用主动语态。例如： (1)As is known to all, she is a famous singer. (2)Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens. (3)Betty is always telling a lie, which her parents find strange. 4.如果引导词在从句中作定语表示所属关系，就用whose、of whom 或of which，若引导词出

10、现在所属对象前，而且所属对象前没有限定词,从句就用whose引导，但如果在所属对象前有限定词时从句就用of whom (指代人)、of which（指代物） 引导。期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆例如： (1) The tallest tower, whose base is electrical equipment, is frequently visited by many travelers. (2)There are three chairs in my room, of which the legs are metal. (3)There is a girl in our class

11、, the hairstyle of whom is very fashionable. 修饰地点名词或时间名词的定语从句，引导词在从句作主语或宾语，就用that 或which；作状语时就用where（地点）或when（时间）。这种从句有时候还可以修饰一些“模糊化的地点（时间）名词”，其实就是一些不是地点时间的名词被看做是这一种名词，这类词主要有situation(情形)、point(程度)表示地点，occasion（形势)表示时间。例如：(1)This is the school which I visited last year.(2)This is the school where I

12、taught for nine years.(3)He was driving so fast that he got into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose the control over his car. 5.在修饰的定语从句中，如果先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，引导词就用that或which，还可以省略，如果先行词在从句中作方式状语，引导词就用that 或in which，也可以省略。例如：(1)I dont the way that(which) he offered to me.(2)I dont like the

13、way that（in which）he got my brothers belief.6.引导词如果在从句中作状语就用where，when，how，why 等或“介词+which”。例如：(1)I still remember the day when (on which) I went to my uncles home.(2)Can you tell me factory where (in which) your sister works?引导词前带有介词的定语从句和宾语从句对引导词的选用有不同的要求，定于从句的引导词要用宾格形式，而宾语从句的引导词不受介词影响，主要有它在从句中所担任

14、的成分决定，做主语用主格，作宾语用宾格。例如：(1)I know that man for whom I was scolded by my boss yesterday.(2)You can hand your composition to who will take your Chinese lesson.三、状语从句 在主从复合句中表示状语的句子叫状语从句，它属于副词性从句，用来修饰动词或整个主句，可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、方式、结果等，这类从句一般由连词引导，其用法相对简单一点，主要依据从句类型和引导词词意来选择引导词。一般有以下几种情形：1.表示时间状语从句的引导词主要有

15、：when ,while (当时), since（从起），before（在之前）,after (在之后)，till，until(直到)，as soon as，immediately，the moment/minute/instant/second，shortlyafter no soonerthan，hardly/ scarcelywhen (一就)。 2.地点状语从句的引导词有：where； 3.原因状语从句的引导词有：because，since，as，now that，considering/seeing that，in that（因为）； 4.条件状语从句的引导词有：if，unless，

16、on condition that, supposing, as long as； 5.让步状语从句的引导词有：although，though，as, even if/though和no matter wh-； 6.目的状语从句的引导词有：so that, in order that, in case, for fear that； 7.比较状语从句的引导词有：asas, mornthan, lessthan； 8.方式状语从句的引导词有：as, just as, as if/though； 9.结果状语从句的引导词有suchthat，sothat，so that，that等； 但要注意：so

17、that和suchthat引导的是状语从句，that在从句中只起连接从句的作用而不担任成分，但是soas和suchas引导的是定语从句，as不但引导从句，而且还在从句中作主语或宾语。例如：(1)She is so kind a girl that everyone likes her.(her作likes的宾语)(2)She is such a kind girl as everyone likes.(as作likes的宾语) 由连接副词引导的定语从句还可以用“介词+wh.-”来代替连接副词，而状语从句只能用连接副词做引导词，绝对不能用“介词+wh.-”来代替。例如： (1)I can think of many cases where (in which) students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.(2)I often remember those days when (on wh