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GLOSSARYFORBIOCHEMISTRYAACETYLCOACARBOXYLASEANENZYMETHATCATALYZESTHEATPDEPENDENTSYNTHESISOFMALONYLCOAFROMACETYLCOAANDCARBONDIOXIDE,THECOMMITTEDSTEPINFATTYACIDSYNTHESISACETYLCHOLINEACOMMONNEUROTRANSMITTERTHATEXERTSITSEFFECTSBYFIRSTBINDINGTOTHEACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORALIGANDGATEDCHANNELTHATPROMOTESALARGEINWARDCURRENTOFSODIUMIONSANDTRIGGERSANACTIONPOTENTIALCOMPOSEDOFAPENTAMEROFFOURKINDSOFPOLYPEPTIDESUBUNITS,THECHANNELOPENSTOALLOWPASSAGEOFSODIUMANDPOTASSIUMIONSWHENTWOACETYLCHOLINEMOLECULESPROMOTETRANSIENTOPENINGOFTHECHANNELACTIVATEDCARRIERSSMALLMOLECULESCARRYINGACTIVATEDFUNCTIONALGROUPSTHATCANBEDONATEDTOOTHERMOLECULESFORINSTANCE,ATPCARRIESACTIVATEDPHOSPHATEGROUPSANDCOACARRIESACTIVATEDACYLGROUPSACTIVATIONDOMAINTHESTRUCTURALREGIONOFATRANSCRIPTIONFACTORTHATFACILITATESTRANSCRIPTIONINSOMEMANNERSEEALSODNABINDINGDOMAINACTIVESITEASPECIFICREGIONOFANENZYMETHATBINDSTHESUBSTRATEANDCARRIESOUTCATALYSISACTIVETRANSPORTTHETRANSPORTOFANIONORAMOLECULEAGAINSTACONCENTRATIONGRADIENT,WHEREDGFORTHETRANSPORTEDSPECIESISPOSITIVETHEPROCESSMUSTBECOUPLEDTOANINPUTOFFREEENERGYFROMASOURCESUCHASATP,ANELECTROCHEMICALGRADIENTOFNAORK,ORLIGHTACYLADENYLATEAMIXEDANHYDRIDEINWHICHTHECARBOXYLGROUPOFAMOLECULEISLINKEDTOTHEPHOSPHORYLGROUPOFAMPTHEFORMATIONOFACYLADENYLATESISAMEANSOFACTIVATINGCARBOXYLGROUPSINBIOCHEMICALREACTIONS,SUCHASTHEFORMATIONOFFATTYACYLCOAMOLECULESFROMAFREEFATTYACIDANDCOENZYMEAACYLCARRIERPROTEINACPABACTERIALPOLYPEPTIDETHATISLINKEDTOPHOSPHOPANTETHEINEANDACTSASACARRIEROFTHEGROWINGFATTYACYLCHAINDURINGFATTYACIDBIOSYNTHESISADDITIONTOORFORMATIONOFDOUBLEBONDAREACTIONINWHICHAFUNCTIONALGROUPISADDEDTOADOUBLEBONDORAGROUPISREMOVEDFROMAMOLECULETOFORMADOUBLEBONDADENYLATECYCLASEANENZYMETHATGENERATESCAMP,ASECONDMESSENGER,FROMATPADIPOCYTESMAMMALIANCELLSTHATARETHEMAJORSTORAGESITEFORTRIACYLGLYCEROLSAEROBICGLYCOLYSISTHEUSEOFLACTICACIDFERMENTATIONTOGENERATEATPEVENTHEPRESENCEOFENOUGHOXYGENTOSUPPORTCELLULARRESPIRATIONAEROBICINTHEPRESENCEOFOXYGENAFFINITYCHROMATOGRAPHYAPROTEINPURIFICATIONTECHNIQUEBASEDONTHEHIGHAFFINITYOFMANYPROTEINSFORSPECIFICCHEMICALGROUPSSUCHGROUPSAREATTACHEDTOANINERTMATRIX,ANDTHEPROTEINSAMPLEISAPPLIEDONLYTHOSEPROTEINSWITHANAFFINITYFORTHEGROUPSWILLBINDAFFINITYLABELINGAMEANSOFMAPPINGTHEACTIVESITEOFANENZYMEBYUSINGASUBSTRATEANALOGTHATBINDSTOTHEACTIVESITEANDFORMSACOVALENTBONDWITHANEARBYAMINOACIDAGONISTSMOLECULESTHATBINDTORECEPTORPROTEINSANDTRIGGERSIGNALINGPATHWAYSALCOHOLICFERMENTATIONTHEANAEROBICCONVERSIONOFGLUCOSEINTOETHANOLWITHTHECONCOMITANTPRODUCTIONOFATPALDOLASEANENZYMETHATCLEAVESANALDOLALDOLASESAREIMPORTANTINCARBOHYDRATEMETABOLISMALDOSEAMONOSACCHARIDEWHOSEC1CARBONATOMCONTAINSANALDEHYDEGROUPALLOSTERICINTERACTIONANINTERACTIONBETWEENASMALLMOLECULEALIGANDANDASITEONAPROTEINTHATMAYBESOMEDISTANCEAWAYFROMTHEACTIVESITETHEINTERACTIONCAUSESACONFORMATIONALCHANGEANDCONSEQUENTALTERATIONINTHECATALYTICACTIVITYOFTHEPROTEINHELIXACOMMONSTRUCTURALMOTIFINPROTEINS,INWHICHAPOLYPEPTIDEMAINCHAINFORMSTHEINNERPARTOFARIGHTHANDEDHELIX,WITHTHESIDECHAINSEXTENDINGOUTWARDTHEHELIXISSTABILIZEDBYINTRACHAINHYDROGENBONDSBETWEENNHANDCOGROUPSOFTHEMAINCHAINKETOGLUTARATEDEHYDROGENASEACITRICACIDCYCLEENZYMETHATCATALYZESTHEOXIDATIVEDECARBOXYLATIONOFKETOGLUTARATETOYIELDSUCCINYLCOATHISENZYME,WHICHHELPSTOREGULATETHERATEOFTHECITRICACIDCYCLE,ISSTRUCTURALLYANDMECHANISTICALLYSIMILARTOTHEPYRUVATEDEHYDROGENASECOMPLEXAMYLASEAHYDROLYTICENZYMETHATCLEAVESTHEA1,4BONDSOFSTARCHANDGLYCOGEN,BUTNOTTHEA1,6BONDSAMESTESTASIMPLE,RAPIDMEANSOFDETECTINGCARCINOGENSBYMEASURINGACHEMICALSABILITYTOINDUCEMUTATIONSINSALMONELLABACTERIAAMILORIDESENSITIVESODIUMCHANNELASODIUMCHANNELIMPORTANTINTHEDETECTIONOFTHETASTEOFSALTSUCHCHANNELSAREINHIBITEDBYAMILORIDE,WHICHALSOMUTESTHETASTEOFSALTAMINOACIDANORGANICACIDWITHANCARBONATOMLINKEDTOACARBOXYLICACID,ANAMINOGROUP,AHYDROGENATOM,ANDASIDECHAINTHERGROUPTWENTYDIFFERENTAMINOACIDSARETHEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFPROTEINSAMINOSUGARASUGARTHATCONTAINSANAMINOGROUPRATHERTHANAHYDROXYLGROUPATTHEC2POSITIONTHEMOSTCOMMONAMINOSUGARSAREGLUCOSAMINEANDGALACTOSAMINEAMINOACYLTRNAANAMINOACIDESTEROFTRANSFERRNAAMINOACYLTRNASYNTHETASEANENZYMETHATACTIVATESANAMINOACIDANDTHENLINKSITTOTRANSFERRNAALSOKNOWNASANACTIVATINGENZYME,EACHAMINOACYLTRNASYNTHETASEISSPECIFICFORAPARTICULARAMINOACIDAMINOTRANSFERASETRANSAMINASEACLASSOFENZYMESTHATTRANSFERANAMINOGROUPFROMANAMINOACIDTOANKETOACIDALSOCALLEDTRANSAMINASESAMPEREAMEASUREOFELECTRICALCURRENTTHEFLOWOF6241018CHARGESPERSECONDAMPHIPATHICMOLECULEAMOLECULE,SUCHASAMEMBRANELIPID,THATCONTAINSBOTHAHYDROPHOBICANDAHYDROPHILICMOIETYAMYLOPECTINTHEBRANCHEDFORMOFSTARCH,CONTAININGGLUCOSERESIDUESINABOUTONE1,6LINKAGEPERTHIRTY1,4LINKAGESAMYLOSETHEUNBRANCHEDFORMOFSTARCH,CONTAININGGLUCOSERESIDUESIN1,4LINKAGEANABOLISMTHESETOFMETABOLICREACTIONSTHATREQUIREENERGYTOSYNTHEIZEMOLECULESFROMSIMPLERPRECURSORSANAEROBICINTHEABSENCEOFOXYGENANAPLEROTICREACTIONFROMTHEGREEKFOR“FILLUP,“REFERRINGTOAREACTIONTHATREPLENISHESINTERMEDIATESREMOVEDFROMAMETABOLICPATHWAYTHEMOSTCOMMONEXAMPLEISTHEREACTIONCATALYZEDBYPYRUVATECARBOXYLASE,INWHICHTHECARBOXYLATIONOFPYRUVATEPRODUCESOXALOACETATE,AKEYCOMPONENTOFTHECITRICA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