语言学认知语言学What_Is_Cognitive_Linguistics.ppt

LanguageandCognition,CognitiveLinguistics,WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?,Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.,MainPointsinCognitiveLinguistics,ConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheory,ConstrualandConstrualOperations,Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.Attention/SalienceJudgment/ComparisonPerspective/Situatedness,ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/Salience,Theoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.,ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/Comparison,Theconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigure,Categorization,Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.BasiclevelSuper-ordinatelevelSubordinatelevel,Metaphor,Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategories,ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor,OntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphors,ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor,OntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.,ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor,StructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.,ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor,OrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientation,Metonymy,MetonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomainTwoConceptualConfigurationsWholeICManditspart(s)PartsofanICM,MetonymyWholeICManditspart(s),Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICM,MetonymyPartsofanICM,ActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICM,WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheory,FauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGenericSpaceBlendEmergentStructure,WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemas,Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.,WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemas,Acenter-peripheryschemaAcontainmentschemaAcycleschemaAforceschemaAlinkschemaApart-wholeschemaApathschemaAsc