As-Well-As的用法及翻译

as far as so far as一用于指距离，表示“直到为止”之意时，as far as既可用于肯定句，也可用于否定句，但so far as只能用于否定句中。例如：We went as far as Lion Rock Tunnel. 我们一直走到狮子山隧道公路那儿。 They did not go as far as the others. 他们没有像其他的人走得那么远。 （此句的as far as可以改作so far as） 二在表示“直到程度”之意的借喻说法中，as far as和so far as都可使用，但前者不及后者用得普遍。例：she went so far as （or as far as） to call him a coward. 她甚至骂他是儒夫。 三在表示“就而论”之意时，as far as和so far as可互换使用。例： As （or So） far as I koow，she will be away from Macao for two months. 据我所知，她将要离开澳门两个月。 As （or So） far as my knowledge goes，there is no such word in English. 据我所知，英语里没有这样一个字。 四在表示“只要”、“尽所能”之意时，应用as far as，不用so far as。例： Ill do my utmost to help you as far as I can. 只要可能，我一定竭尽全力来帮你。 Eric Partridge在他编著的Usage and Abusage一书中写道（第44页），在用作比喻意义的叙述句里，so far as比as far as用得普遍，他举了这样一个例子：so far as I can see，your idea is admirable.As long as so long as2.一、在表示during the whole time that(长达之久)或while(只要)的含义时,往往用as long as。如: 1. they all continued their regard for me as long as they lived. 他们毕生都在关心着我.2. For almost as long as Juanita could remember, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing seemed as easy as breathing, and as natural. 在胡安妮塔的记忆中,加减乘除对自己来说早就是如同呼吸一样简单而自然了. 3. As long as there is life there is hope. 留得生命在,不怕没希望. 二、在表示on condition that, provided that或if(只要,如果)的含义时,用as long as或so long as的情况均很常见。如: 1 You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock. 你可以出去,只要你答应在11点以前回来. 2. Ill accept any job as / so long as I dont have to get up early. 只要不必早起,任何工作我都可以接受. 3. So / As long as electric current flows through a wire, there is a potential difference. 只要有电流通过,导线就有电位差. 4. these stories reinforced the idea that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy so / as long as they were hardworking. 这些故事强化了一种思想,那就是,所有人,不管有多穷,只要勤劳,都能变富有. 三、在表示since, considering that(既然,因为)的含义时,多用as long as。如: 1. As long as weve driven this far, we might as well go on. 我们既然已经驶得这么远了,就不妨继续前进. 2. As long as you are here, go on. 你既然已经来到这里了,就干吧.3 As long as you are going, Ill go too. 既然你要去,那么我也去. 四、有时,as / so long as与if only同义,由它引导的状语分句可不依附主句而单独使用,表示说话人的希望、愿望或遗憾心情等。如: Its said its going to turn colder and freeze later on. 听说过些时候天气要变冷,有冰冻.As long as it doesnt spoil the weekend. (=I hope that it doesnt spoil the weekend.) 只要不把周末弄糟了就没事. 五、在用as / so long as连接的从句中,当其谓语为be,而主语和主句的主语相同时,则从句的主语和be可以省略。如: Im sure we are safe as long as(we are) in his care. 我深信只要在他的保护下,我们就会平安无事As Well As的用法及翻译一、AS WELL AS，AND and NOT ONLYBUT ALSOAs well as可作为副词，介词以及连词使用。在作并列连词时，连接两个相同的成分，如主语，谓语，宾语，表语和状语等，表示“除之外、不仅还、既又、不但而且、同、和、并、也”之意。现分别举例如下：Tom as well as Jack blamed me.不仅杰克，就连汤姆也责怪我。To accomplish great things, we must dream as well as act. Anatole Keats要完成伟大的事业，既要实干，更要有崇高的理想。阿纳托尔济慈爱（王国栋，2004：548）Living things need light as well as air and water. 生物不仅需要空气与水，还需要阳光。He is courageous as well as strong.他既强壮又勇敢。A man may usually is known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps. S. Smiles通常不但可以从一个人所交往的人，还可以从所读的书来了解一个人。斯迈尔斯（英国传记作家）（王国栋，2004：548）（改译：通常，了解一个人不仅可以通过他所交往的人，还可以通过所读的书。）As well as虽有“同、和、也”的意思，但与and的表意用法不同，并列连词and可以连接名词、代词或数词，其所连接的成分不分主次、轻重，但as well as有主次、轻重之分。例如：“he as well as I”并不等于“he and I”。“he as well as I”，he是重点，I居次要地位，译为“不仅我，而且他”。 The teacher blamed you and him as well as me. 老师不仅责备我（次要），而且也责备了你和他。（“你和他”是重点。）He masters English as well as French. 他不仅精通法语（次要），而且精通英语（重点）。He masters English and French. 他精通英语和法语。（英语和法语并重）（杜永文，2002：1056-1057）As well as也不同于not onlybut also。As well as的重点在前面，而not onlybut also的重点在后面，即在but also之后，例如：The teacher, as well as students wishes for holidays.不但学生连老师也都希望放假。=Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for holidays.不但学生就连老师也希望放假。（王国栋，2004：549）所以在翻译过程中，要谨慎对待as well as。应该先译后面，再译前面，因为中文里的“不仅还”、“不但而且”等关联词所连接的成分，其强调的部分在后面，正好与as well as相反。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。（蔡宗源，2000：73）He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 他不但种菜而且种花。She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她是一个摄影师又是很有才华的音乐家。(李振华、杨广育，1991：1834)He gave me money as well as advice. 他除了给我忠告外，还给我钱。 We shall travel by night as well as by day, both by night and by day. 我们将日夜赶路。(A S Hornby, 1994：1307)但这常常被英语学习者忽视，也不免于大家之手。张道真先生在其编著的各版语法书中，对as well as的翻译基本上都错了。现将其摘抄并改译如下：（其书中相同的句子不重列）I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.我念过他的一本小说和他的几个剧本。（张道真，2002：454）改译为：我不仅读过他的一些剧本，还读过他的一本小说。It is important for you as well as for me.这对你对我都很重要。（张道真，2002：454）改译为：这不仅对我很重要，对你也很重要。This is a political as well as an economic question.这是一个政治也是经济问题。（张道真，2002：502）这是一个政治问题，也是一个经济问题。（这句译文出现在实用英语语法最新版中）（张道真，2003：467）改译为：这不仅是个经济问题，更是个政治问题。We cannot expect her to do the homework as well as look after the children.我们不能指望她既做作业又照看孩子。（张道真，2002：502）改译为：我们不可能叫她既照顾孩子又做家庭作业。John can speak Chinese as well as French.约翰能讲汉语及法语。（张道真，2003：467）改译为：约翰不仅能讲法语，还能讲汉语。We shall travel by night as well as by day.我们将日夜兼程。（张道真，2003：467）这是唯一译对的一句，应是源于牛津现代高级英汉双解词典。The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into cities.冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了农村，也蔓延到了城市。（张道真，2003：467）改译为：冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了城市，也蔓延到了农村。二、AS WELL AS的注意事项：1. As well as连接三个成分时，可用A and B as well as C; A as well as B and C。但不可用A, B as well as C。（王国栋，2004：549）比如：通常不使用“you, he as well as I”，却使用“you and he as well as I”（=“不仅我，而且你和他”）。（杜永文，2002：1056-1057）2. As well as连接复合主语时，其后的动词形式取决于as well as前面的名词。例如：Lynn as well as I likes mathematics. 不仅我，林恩也喜欢数学。Tom as well as they wants to go back home. 不仅他们，连汤姆也想回家。3. As well as连接两个谓语动词时，它们的时态应保持一致。例如：She publishes as well as prints her own novels.她的小说是她自己印刷出版的。She is cleaning the house as well as taking care of her child. 她在照顾孩子的同时也打扫房屋。4. As well as连接人称代词的主格和宾格时，句意不同。例如：Steven helped you as well as me. 史蒂文帮过我，也帮过你。（you和me都作help的宾语）Steven helped you as well as I. 我帮过你，史蒂文也帮过你。（they和I都作help的主语）5. As well as用在否定句中，当as well as在not之前，两者均否定；当as well as在not之后，否定前者，肯定后者。例如：Phil, as well as David, has been to Lushan. 不仅大卫，菲尔也去过庐山。Phil hasnt been to Lushan as well as David. 大卫去过庐山，菲尔没有。（菲尔并没有和大卫一样去过庐山。）Phil, as well as David, hasnt been to Lushan. 不仅大卫没有去过庐山，菲尔也没有。6. As well as有时也会引起歧义，如：She can speak French as well as English. 她不仅能讲英语（次），也能讲法语（主）。也可以理解为：她法语与英语说得一样好。7. As well as作为介词时，相当于besides，in addition to，后面通常接名词或v-ing形式，尤其位于句首时，例如： As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。She sings as well as playing the violin. 她会拉小提琴，还会唱歌。（王国栋，2004：549）此处as well as是介词，所以其后接v-ing形式，当然as well as也可作连词连接两个谓语动词，上文已举例。综上所述，在使用as well as时，要特别小心，既不能与and等同，也不能与not onlybut also相提并论。翻译是要先译后者，再译前者。参考书目：A S Hornby,牛津现代高级英汉双解词典。北京：商务印书馆，1994：1307蔡宗源，大学英语成功策略翻译。上海：上海教育出版社，2000：73杜永文，新编英语语法分析全书。北京：中国大百科全书出版社，2002：1056-1057李振华、杨广育，最新牛津现代高级英汉双解词典。太原：山西人民出版社，1991：1834王国栋，英语深层语法。北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司，2004：548-549张道真，实用英语语法。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002：454张道真，实用英语语法最新版。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2003：467张道真，英语语法新编。北京：社会科学文献出版社，2002：305张道真，张道真英语用法。北京：商务印书馆，2002：502章振邦，新编英语语法教程。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002：46英语就近原则谓语动词与后面主语一致1.Therebe句型Thereisabookandsomepencilsonthedesk.=Therearesomepencilsandabookonthedesk.2.neither.nor.Neitheryounorheisright.=Neitherhenoryouareright.3.either.or.EithertheyorJimisgoingtoShanghainextSaturday.=EitherJimortheyaregoingtoshanghainextSaturday4.notonly.butalso.NotonlyAnnbutalsoherparentsstayathomeeverySunday就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致代表词汇：as well as；（together/along/combined）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from, like, as much as, no less than,E.G：Nobody but two students is in the classroom.除了这两个学生，没有人在教室Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都