现代大学英语精读4lesson8_language study.ppt

PartFour,LanguageStudy,ENTER,WordStudyPhrasesandExpressionsWordBuildingGrammar,LanguageStudy,Contents,WordStudy,Wordlist:,alienantidotebacklashbingeboombustclamorcomplementconspicuously,19.pel25.retard26.slump,constituentdauntingdownturndwarfensueerodeglutimplodeinept,WordStudy,1.alien,ingfromadifferentcountry,raceorgroup;foreignExamples:Itsacountrythathashadanaliengovernmentandanalienlanguageimposedonitbyforce.Ifindtheidealofsendingyoungchildrenofftoboardingschooltotallyalien.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,alienn.aforeigner,esp.someonewholivesinacountryofwhichtheyarenotlegalcitizenExample:Whenwarbrokeoutthegovernmentroundedupthousandsofaliensandputthemintemporarycamps.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,alienatev.a.tostopsupportingb.tocausetofeelverydistantfromornotwelcometosomeoneleseExamples:Allthesechangestothenewspaperhavealienateditstraditionalreaders.Tenyearsinprisonhavealienatedhimfromhisfamily.n.alienation,WordStudy,2.antidote,n.achemical,esp.adrug,whichlimitstheeffectsofapoison,orawayofpreventingoractingagainstsomethingbadExamples:Anemonewasatthetimebelievedtobeanantidoteforscorpionpoison.Regularexerciseisthebestantidotetotirednessanddepression.,WordStudy,3.backlash,n.astrongfeelingamongagroupofpeopleinreactiontoatendencyorrecenteventsinsocietyorpoliticsExamples:Thenewpresidentencouragedthebacklashagainst“morallaxity”.Theaccidenthasprovoked/producedabacklashamonglocalpeoplewhoclaimthattheroadisdangerous.,WordStudy,4.binge,n.anoccasionwhenanactivityisdoneinanextremeway,esp.eating,drinkingorspendingmoney,Examples:adrinking/eating/spendingbingeHerillnessinvolvedperiodsofbinge-eatingandthenmakingherselfsick.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,bingev.toeatinanuncontrolledway,sometimesasapartofanillnessExamples:ItendtobingeonchocolatewhenIamwatchingTV!Shewentthroughperiodsofbinging(alsobinge-eating).,WordStudy,n.aperiodofsuddengrowth,esp.onethatresultsinalotofmoneybeingmadeExamples:Thisyearhasseenaboominbooksales.Theinsurancebusinesshasbeencharacterizedbyaviciouscycleofboomandbustascompaniesgoinandoutofbusinessesandpricesriseandfall.,5.boom,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,boomv.Example:Here,aselsewhere,theleisureindustryisbooming.,WordStudy,6.bust,n.aplacewherepeopleareallowedtoleavetheirrubbish(alsoarubbishdump)Examples:ImgoingtoclearouttheshedtomorrowandtakeeverythingIdontwanttothebust.Hisroomisabust.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,bustv.a.tobreaksomethingb.toarrestsomebodyExamples:Ohno!IvebustedhisCDplayer.Harryandhisgirlfriendbusteduplastweek.Thepolicebustedhimbecausetheythinkhesinvolvedwithaterroristgroup.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,bustn.anoccasionwhenpolicearrestpeoplewhoarethoughttohavebrokenthelawExample:Intheirlatestdrugsbustpoliceenteredawarehousewherecocainedealersweremeeting.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,busta.Whenacompanygoesbustitisforcedtoclosebecauseitisfinanciallyunsuccessful.Example:Morethantwentycompaniesinthedistrictwentbustduringthelastthreemonths.,WordStudy,n.a.aloudcomplaintaboutsomethingordemandforsomethingb.loudnoise,esp.madebypeoplesvoicesExamples:Afterthebombing,therewasapublicclamorforvengeance.Hepreferredsolitarywalksinthewildernesstotheclamorofthecity.,7.clamor=clamour,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,a.clamorousExamples:Thenewspaperdevotedsevenpagestoaclamorouscallforindependence.Theairwasfilledwithclamorous,excitedvoices.v.clamorExample:Theresidentsareclamoringagainstthedumpingofchemicalwasteneartheirhouses.,WordStudy,plement,v.tomatchtwodifferentthingstogetherwhosecombinedeffectisgreaterthanthatofeitherseparately,Example:SplementaryExample:Myfamilyandmyjobbothplayanimportantpartinmylife,fulfillingseparatebutcomplementaryneeds.,WordStudy,9.conspicuously,ad.obviously;inawaythatiseasytonoticeExample:Thetemplesgrandwhitearchesroseconspicuouslyoverthedirtydecayingcity.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,a.conspicuousExamples:InChina,whereblackhairisthenorm,herblondehairwasconspicuous.Hetriednottolookconspicuousandmovedslowlyalongthebackoftheroom.n.conspicuousness,Antonym,inconspicuous,WordStudy,10.constituent,n.avoterinaparticularareaofthecountry,Example:Asasenatorhewasexcellentalwaystalkingtohisconstituentsandhearingtheirproblems.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,constituencyn.anyoftheofficialareasofacountrythatelectsomeonetorepresentvotersnationallyExample:TheMPsconstituencycoversthecityspoorestareas.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,constitutev.toformormakea./n.constituentExamples:Womenconstituteabout10%oftheParliament.Whatarethebasicconstituentsofthemixture?Letsconsiderseparatelytheconstituentpartsofthissentence.,WordStudy,11.daunting,imidating;dishearteningExample:Inspiteofunificationthecountrywasstillfacedwiththedauntingprospectofovercomingfourdecadesofdivision.Antonym:dauntless,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,dauntv.tomakesomeonefeelslightlyfrightenedorworriedabouttheirabilitytoachievesomething;todiscourage,Example:Shewasnotatalldauntedbythesizeoftheproblem.,WordStudy,12.downturn=downswing,n.areductionintheamountorsuccessofsomething,suchasacountryseconomicactivityExamples:thecontinuingeconomicdownturnThereisevidenceofadownturninthebuildingtrade.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,upturnn.(esp.ineconomics)animprovementoradvantageouschangetoahigherlevelorvalue,Example:Investorsshouldnotexpectasharpupturnintheeconomy.,WordStudy,13.dwarf,v.tocausetoappearsmallbycomparisonExamples:Thenewskyscraperwilldwarfallthosenearit.Thisnewfinancialcrisismaywelldwarfmostthathavegonebefore.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,dwarfn.apersonwhoismuchsmallerthantheusualsizeExample:Theyhavecampaignedformanyyearsagainstthediscriminationexperiencedbydwarfs/dwarves.a.dwarf,WordStudy,14.ensue,v.tohappenaftersomethingelse,esp.asaresultofit,Examples:Thepoliceofficersaidthathehadplacedthemanunderarrestandthatascufflehadensued.Boredomoftenensuesfrominactivity.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,a.ensuingExamples:Helosthisjobandintheensuingmonthsbecamemoreandmoredepressed.Anargumentbrokeoutandintheensuingfight,agunwentoff.,WordStudy,v.toruborberubbedawaygraduallyExamples:Windandrainhaveerodedthestatuesintotheshapelesslumpsofstone.Thecliffsareerodingby/atseveralfeetayear.Hisbehavioroverthelastfewmonthshaserodedmyconfidenceinhisjudgment.a.erosion,15.erode,WordStudy,16.glut,n.asupplyofsomethingthatismuchgreaterthancanbesoldorisneededorwanted,Examples:Thefallindemandforcoffeecouldcauseagluton/inthemarket,forcingsomeproducerstocutprices.Thereisaglutoflarge,expensivehouseslyingemptyandunsold.,WordStudy,17.implode,v.tofallinwardswithforce,Examples:Thevacuuminsidethetubecausedittoimplodewhentheexternalairpressurewasincreased.Theireconomyisindangerofimplodingbecauseofmassiveforeigndebts.n.implosion,explode,Compare,WordStudy,18.inept,a.notskilledoreffective,Examples:Someonehadmadeanineptattempttoirontheskirts.Hewasalwaysratherineptatsport.Hewascriticizedforhisinepthandlingofthesituation.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,n.ineptitudeExamples:political/social/economicineptitudeThenewspapereditorialcorrectlypointedoutthegovernmentsineptitudeindealingwiththeozonecrisis.,WordStudy,19.irreversible,a.notpossibletochange,Examples:Helistedsomeoftheirreversibleeffectsofageing.Technologyhashadanirreversibleimpactonsociety.ad.irreversibly,WordStudy,20.maximize,v.tomakesomethingasgreatinamount,sizeorimportanceaspossible,Example:Tomaximizeourwalkingtime,weshouldbereadytostartatdawn.n.maximizationExample:Thecompanyisstrivingforthemaximizationofprofits.,minimizeminimizationminimumminimal,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Compare,WordStudy,n.maximumtothemaximum:tothegreatestpossibledegreea.maximalExample:Evenwhenthebrainhasattaineditsmaximalsizeandstructure,signalsfromthebodyandtheenvironmentarestillconstantlychangingit.,WordStudy,21.merger,n.theunionoftwoormorecommercialinterestorcorporationsExamples:Theirmergerofthetwocompanieswouldcreatetheworldsbiggestaccountingfirm.TheGermantyrecompanyisholdingmergertalkswithitsIndianrival.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,v.mergeExamples:Thecountrystwobiggestbanksareplanningtomergeinordertofightoffcompetitionfromabroad.Afterawhilethenarrowtrackmergeswithawiderpath.,WordStudy,22.prevail,v.toexistandbeacceptedamongalargenumberofpeople,ortogetapositionofcontrolandinfluenceExamples:Thisisastrangecustomthatstillprevails.Didgreedprevailovergenerosity?,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,a.prevailing/prevalentn.prevalenceExamples:Theprevailingmoodisoneofoptimism.Undertheprevailinglaw,thegovernmentcannotannulsuchmarriages.Thesediseasesaremoreprevalentamongyoungchildren.Theprevalenceofdrugsintheinnercitiesisalarming.,WordStudy,23.prone,a.a.tendingtosufferfromanillnessorshowaparticularnegativecharacteristicb.lyingonthefrontwiththefacedownExamples:Youremorepronetoillnesseswhenyouretiredandyourbodyisrun-down.YouhavetobearinmindthatAngelaisratherpronetoexaggeration.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,Thephotographshowedamanlyingproneonthepavement,apuddleofbloodabouthishead.a.-prone:combiningformaccident-prone,injury-prone,WordStudy,24.propel,v.tocausesomethingtomoveforwardsExamples:arocketpropelledbygrenadeMr.Henrysaidthatthecountrywasbeingpropelledtowardscivilwar.Apropellingpencilormechanicalpencilisapencilinwhichtheleadcanbepushedforwardbyturningorpressingapartofthepencil.,WordStudy,25.retard,v.tomake(something)slowerExamples:Icyroadsretardedtheirprogressthroughthemountains.Ariseininterestrateswouldseverelyretardeconomicgrowth.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,a.retardedn.retardationExamples:Theprogramofferslong-termcarefortheelderlyandintermediatecareforthementallyretarded.Thedrugstakenbythewomenwhiletheywerepregnantcausedgrowthretardationintheirchildren.,WordStudy,26.slump,n.recessionExamples:Therehasbeenaslumpindemandforbeefeversincetherecenthealthscare.Thehotelindustry,likemostindustries,iscurrentlyinaslump.Thereisfearthatweareenteringanothereconomicslumpasbadasthe1930s.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordStudy,slumpv.(ofprices,valuesorsales)tofallsuddenlyExamples:Thevalueofpropertyhasslumped.Carsaleshaveslumpeddramaticallyoverthepastyear.,Theendofwordstudy.,List:,asuccessionofbehard-pressedtododepartfrominsomerespectsabreastof,PhrasesandExpressions,anumberofthingsorpeoplefollowingeachotherintimeororder;aseriesExamples:Lastweekwehadasuccessionofvisitors.Asuccessionofaccidentsspoiledourautomobiletrip.Asuccessionofcarspassedusoneafteranother.Thepoormanhadasuccessionofmisfortunes.,1.asuccessionof,PhrasesandExpressions,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Victoryfollowedvictoryinrapidsuccession.Hehasbeenawardedfirstprizeforhisrosesthreeyearsinsuccession.Hiswordscameoutinquicksuccession.insuccession(to)继承（王位等）Whoisthefirstinsuccessiontothethrone?Theeldestsonisthefirstinsuccessiontohisfathersproperty.,insuccession一个接一个，一连,PhrasesandExpressions,Examples:Thelatesteducationreformshaveputextrapressureinteacherswhoarealreadyhard-pressed.Becauseofshortages,theemergencyserviceswerehard-pressedtodealwiththeaccident.,2.behard-pressedtodotohavealotofdifficultiesdoingsomething,PhrasesandExpressions,Examples:Wecannotdepartfromourregularpracticeinsuchcases.Idliketodepartfromthemainsubjectofmyspeechforafewmoments.ThechairmandepartedfromthenormalprocedurebyallowingreporterstobepresentduringCouncilbusiness.departurefromThenewsystemisadeparturefromourusualwayofkeepingrecords.,3.departfrom背离，离开；不按行事,PhrasesandExpressions,在一些方面Examples:Inmanyrespects,Johnisthebestboywehavehadintheschool.Thisproposaldiffersfromthelastoneinsomerespects.Thehouseisinafairlygoodconditionand,inthisrespect,contrastswiththerestofthestreetwhichisinastateofdisrepair.Theplanisfaultyineveryrespect.,4.insomerespects,PhrasesandExpressions,beinginformedaboutthemostrecentfactsaboutasubjectorsituationExamples:Shesalwaysabreastofthecurrentpoliticalsituation.Itrytokeepabreastofwhatshappeninginpsychology.,5.abreastof,PhrasesandExpressions,TheendofPhrasesandExpressions.,WordBuilding,List:,PrefixmultiPrefixsub,WordBuilding,multilateral,prefix,multi-:prefix,fromLatin,meaning“many,much,multiple,manytimes,morethanone,composedofmanylikeparts,inmanyrespects”multicolored,multivitamin,multilateral,multinational,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordBuilding,multilateral,prefix,mono-:prefix,fromGreek,meaning“one,single,lone”monarch,monastery,monochrome,monogamy,monogram,monograph,monolingual,monotonous,monosyllablebi-:prefix,fromLatin,meaning“twice,two”biennial,bisect,bicentennial,biped,bigamy,binoculars,bilateral,biweekly,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordBuilding,multilateral,prefix,Insomewordsreferringtotimeperiods,theprefixbi-hastwomeanings:“twicea+-”and“everytwo+-s”.Thus,biannualmeansboth“twiceayear”and“everytwoyears”.tri-:prefix,fromLatin,meaning“three”triatomic,trilateralquadri-:prefix,meaning“four”quadrilateral,quad,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,WordBuilding,mu