独立主格结构常见类型及其用法

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语 +v-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：1. no bus,we had to walk home.a.there beingb.beingc.having beend.there was2. no bus, we had to walk home.a.as there beingb.as there wasc.beingd.there was3. sunday,the library doesnt open.a.beingb.there beingc.it beingd.having been4. sunday, the library doesnt open.a.as it beingb.beingc.it isd.as it is2、逻辑主语 +v-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：1. , the train started.a.the signal givenb.giving the signalb.the signal being givend.the signal giving精品资料2. , the train started.a.after having given the signal b.after the signal givenc.giving the signald.after the signal was given3. , the text became easier for us to learn.a.explaining new words b.new words explained c.being explained new words d.having explained newwords4. , the text became easier for us to learn.a. when new words were explainedb.explaining new wordsc.new words explainingd.beingexplained new words3、逻辑主语 +形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如：1. , the patient can leave the hospital.a.better conditions b.conditions better c.conditions are betterd.being better conditions2. , the patient can leave the hospital.a.if better conditions b.if conditions better c.if conditions are better d.being better conditions3. , we d like to go outing.a.being sunday b.sunday okc.sunday is okd.if sunday ok4. , we d like to go outing.a.if sunday is ok b.sunday being okc.sunday okd.a,b and c5. , you can wait a while.a.the play being still onb.the play still onc being still on the playd.a and b6. , so you can wait a whilea.the play is still on b.the play being still onc.as the play is still ond.the play still on4、逻辑主语 +介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语 ”结构。如：1. the boy followed the nobleman here, .a.a sword in handb.a sword in his hand b.being a sword in hand d.sword in hand2. the boy followed the nobleman here .a.with a sword in his hand b.with a sword in hand c.with a sword being in hand d.a sword being in hand3. he left the office, .a.tears being in eyesb.tears in eyesc.being tears in eyesd.with tears being in eyes4. he left the office .a.with tears being in eyes b.with tears in her eyesc.being tears in eyesd.tears being in eyes二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：1、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1. no bus, we had to walk home.a.there beingb.as there wasc.there wasd.a and b2. sunday, the library doesnt open.a.it beingb.as it isc.beingd.a and b3. , i had to ask for two daysleave.a.mother being illb.mother illc.as mother was illd. a,b and c4. , we have to work late into the night.a.the exam nearb.the exam being nearc.as the exam is near d. a,b and c2、时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：1. , the train started.a.the signal givenb.after the signal was givenc.given the signald.a and b2. , the text became easier for us to learn.a. new words explained b.when new words were explained c.when teacher explained new words d.allabove3、条件状语独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if 引导的条件状语从句。如：1. , well go to visit the great wall.a.weather permitting b.if weather permits c.if permitting d.a and b2. , the patient will recover himself soon.a.if the treatment is in time b.the treatment in time c.the treatment being in time d.a,b and c4、伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：1. we have lessons every day, .a.sunday includedb.sunday including c.sunday is including d.all the above2. the boy fell asleep, .a.cap on headb.with a cap on head c.a cap on was on head d. all the above3. father came home, a.a dog following himb.a dog followed him c.being followed by a dog d.all the abovewith +复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法“with +复合宾语 ”结构是指 “with + 宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等 ”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部 动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1. with the man us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.a.to guide b.guidingc.guidedd.to have guide2. with a lot of work , she doesnt have time to rest.a.to dob.to be donec.doingd.done3. with the machine all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.a.to workb.workedc.workingd.being working2、时间状语1. the street looks more beautiful with all the lights .a.are onb.onc.to be ond.been on2. with our problem , we all felt happy.a.to settleb.to be settledc.settledd.being settled3. with his work , the secretary began to walk home. a.to dob.doingc.doned.to be done3、伴随状语1. she left the offices with tears .a.in her eyesb.in eyesb.being in eyesd.to be in eyes2. the man found the door with both his eyes .a.to be closedb.being closedc.closedd.closing3. we felt uncomfortable with two waitresses .a. standing by b.to be standing byc.stood byd.being standing by4. the murderer was brought in, with his hands .a.to be tied behindb. tied behindc.tying behindd.being tied behind5. you can t see well .a. with the glasses on b.being on the glassesc.with the glasses to be on d.with the glasses4、后置定语1. do you know the man a book in his hand? a.withb.havingc.beingd.a and b2. please offer your seat to the woman a baby in her arms.a.carryingb.having c.with d.all theabove分词、独立主格和“with +复合宾语 ”作状语的区别分词结构、独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：1、原因状语1. late, we had to walk home. a.beingb.as we werec.we beingd.a and b2. busy, they had no time to play. a.as they were b.being c.because they were d.all the above2、时间状语1. the students homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.a.when he was correcting c.when he correctedc.correctingd.all the above2. by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.a.when you are praised b.praised c.when praisedd.all the above3、条件状语1. more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. a.if he is givenb.if given c.given d.all the above2. another chance, ill do my job better.a.if i haveb.if havingc.having d.all the above4、伴随状语1. father came back, a bag of money on his left shoulder.a.carryingb.he was carryingc.and he was carryingd.all the above2. father came back, by a monkey.a.and he was followed b.followedc.and was followed d.all the above二、独立主格结构和with +复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1. , we ll go fishing in the country.a.permitting weatherb.weather permitted c.weather permittingd.permitting2. , he finished playing the game of chess.a.his eyes closingb.with his eyes closed c.closing his eyesd.closed his eyes3. , i couldn t get the book i wanted.a.closedb.library closedc.closing libraryd.with library closing三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间 不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：1. the teacher told the class to go through the texta.checking the answers b.checking the answers and c.when checking the answers and d.all the above2. a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.a.it beingb.beingc.it wasd.all the above3. as a little sick, he remained at the clinic.a.feelingb.he feltc.he fellingd.all the above四、在使用独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构、 分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。1.