2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破9词句猜测_代词指代题优选习题.doc

九、词句猜测 代词指代题(2018常州期末)gps technology is one of the latest and greatest developments within the communications world.also known as a “global positioning system”，this technology works off of radio signals sent out by satellites in space.since a cell phone already works like a two-way radio when communicating with cell towers，the gps capability simply extends the radio signal reach to space satellites.phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers system for other data like mapping and voices.location tracking，and giving directions to and from destinations are some of the more common uses for this technology.gps navigational systems are supported by a network of 27 satellites.these satellites orbit the earth in cyclic patterns 24 hours a day.at any given time，a minimum of four satellites signals is accessible to any one point on earth.whenever a receiver device is activated，radio waves with coded messages are sent out to it.this is how satellites know to start tracking the device.a receivers exact location is determined through a process called trilateration(三边测量法) where three satellites work together to narrow down possible location points.a fourth satellite is needed if the receiver isnt on the ground and altitude is wanted as well.distance calculations are made based on how long it takes the radio signals to travel back and forth between receiver and satellites.the mapping capabilities are displayed on the phones screen via the cell providers database.as a gps device needs to do all kinds of calculations on different data from satellites and providers database，it consumes time.so it can take quite a few seconds for a regular gps to work out a plan.an assisted gps can help solve the problem.it is an improved technology that uses a cell networks assistance server which is connected to a reference network such as the internet.through the use of cell towers，a phone relays satellite signal information to the servers.these servers are able to process incoming data at much higher rates than gps receivers，so information is processed quicker，and is typically more accurate.1what does the underlined word “their” refer to?asatellites. bphonescsignals. dcapabilities答案b解析代词指代题。这个句子涉及到长难句的分析，equipped with.作为定语修饰phones，and连接两个并列的谓语，一个是work off，一个是have，所以and 后面的句子其实是 phones have database access to their providers system.，即their指代“手机的”。2which of the following is true according to the information in the text?aphone gps is a new technology unrelated to a cell phones original functions.ba mobile phone works as a signal receiver and processor in phone gps system.ceach mobile phone is assigned four fixed satellites for their coded messages.dmapping capabilities and distance calculations are affected by the speed of radio signals.答案b解析推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，手机在gps系统中的作用为信号的接收者和加工者。故选b。3what do we know about the assistance server in the assisted gps?ait can speed up calculating process of a regular gps receiver.bit is part of the cell network directly connected to the internet and the phone.cit has a better functioning performance in processing received radio signals.dit helps the assisted gps to receive different data more accurately in bad conditions.答案c解析推理判断题。根据最后一段前三句可知，gps设备需要对来自卫星和供应商数据库的数据进行各种计算，它需要耗费时间，而辅助服务器帮助解决了这个问题，因此可以说它在处理接收到的信号这一功能上表现更好。一、题型解读代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问形式常有：1what does the underlined word “this/it/them/which.” refer to?2the underlined part “it/that/they/which.”in paragraph.refers to .二、解题技巧“就近原则”判指代第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。第二步：熟悉代词的含义1it/this/that可指代一件事。2it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。3which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。第三步：替换核实再比较1用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。2比较所指代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。例如：【感悟体会】中1题，画线单词所在的句子为“phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers.”可知整个句子的主语是phones，故their就相当于phones。a(2018河南新乡二模)throughout the past few years，i have tried to give myself to others.i have bounced around to find where i truly fit in.i found my place while i stayed in guatemala，an orphanage(孤儿院)，with the children living there.through hearing many stories of their lives，i was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)i lived like they did.it was the most relaxing feeling in the world.when at nuestros pequenos hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.at first，i thought it should be easy.after arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.we were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.on my own faith journey，i have felt this type of doubt before.the “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith journey.it appeared to be an 2obstacle i could not overcome，but in the end i completed it with efforts.i feel this pig pen wasnt easy to create but was so rewarding to give.ive always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but ive never completely stepped foot onto the path until guatemala.ive always tried to open my heart to everyone around me and give them my love.i feel as though i cut open my heart and share every bit of love i had with these orphans.there is one orphan named ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.in guatemala，i sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it doesnt seem enough.ill return there next summer and give more of my love for a whole month.when it was time to leave，i looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.overall，the most significant accomplishment i made in guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在危地马拉期间，改变了自己的生活，从而改变了自己的人生。1what resulted in the authors decision to live a new life?adesire to help others.bdecrease in his income.ca knowledge of the orphans life.dawareness of the difficulty in his life.答案c解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“i found my place while i stayed in guatemala，an orphanage (孤儿院)，with the children living there.through hearing many stories of their lives，i was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential”可知，作者了解到孤儿的生活之后，决定改变自己的生活。故选c。2what does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?aremoving the doubt.buprooting the weed.cstarting the faith journey.dcreating the pig pen.答案d解析代词指代题。根据画线词后面的“i feel this pig pen wasnt easy to create but was so rewarding to give.”可以猜测出，it代指建造猪圈这件事。故选d。3what did the author think of his experience in guatemala?ait was regretful.bit was meaningful.cit was interesting.dit was frightening.答案b解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“overall，the most significant accomplishment i made in guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推断出，作者认为在危地马拉的经历是有意义的。故选b。4what may be the best title for the text?aa step into a new worldban awful faith journeyca great success in lifeda return of confidence答案a解析标题归纳题。根据最后一段中的“overall，the most significant accomplishment i made in guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推断出，在危地马拉期间，作者改变了自己的生活，从而改变了人生。故用a step into a new world作为本文的标题最佳。故选a。b(2018内蒙古包头一模)vinegar is great.it makes salad，fries and dumplings taste better，and you can even clean your windows with it.and now，according to scientists，it may even help the planets population survive climate change.researchers from the riken center for sustainable resource science (csrs) in japan proved that.they found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.this could mean that in the future，worries about climate change affecting the worlds supply of food will be much lower.the discovery was made after the researchers studied the arabidopsis，a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather.it was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions，it produced a chemical called acetate(醋酸盐)the main 3component of vinegar.after discovering this，the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants before they stopped giving them water completely.after leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.its hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive.“in the experiment，we targeted the 4staple foods of the worldrice，wheat and maize.and proved successful，” jong myong kim，co-author of the study，told popular science magazine.kim has already been in touch with people around the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from farmers to companies and 5amateur gardeners.“now we are trying to cooperate with them to make a method to apply this system，and make the process as simple as possible，” he said.hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.语篇解读本文是一篇科普类文章。文章主要介绍了日本科学家们近期发现了一个有意思的现象：给植物加点“醋”，植物就能变得更耐旱5what does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 1 refer to?avinegar may help creatures survive bad weather.bvinegar is found in plants by japanese scientists.cvinegar is very useful for cooking a good meal.dvinegar is mainly used by people to clean houses.答案a解析代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“and now，according to scientists，it may even help the planets population survive climate change.”可以判断出that指代的是醋可以帮助生物更好地适应气候的变化。故选a。6scientists in japan find from their studies that .athe arabidopsis could survive in dry weather because of the shapebsoil condition could be changed by pouring vinegar continuallycthe acetate can be used by farmers to replace the soildthe plants treated with acetate could survive dry conditions答案d解析细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“they found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.”可知，在酸性环境下生长的植物更加耐旱。故选d。7what can we infer from the last paragraph?aits too difficult for farmers to accept the method.bhow to decrease the cost is the main issue.cthe method is 6promising especially in agriculture.dkeeping plants alive means a lot for scientists.答案c解析推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.”可以推断出这种方法尤其在农业上很有前景。故选c。8which of the following can be the best title for the text?ajapanese scientists find a plantbvinegar could end hungercvinegar and fooddplants need water答案b解析标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知，科学家们研究发现醋更能够让植物适应各种恶劣的气候，提高粮食的产量，从而消除饥饿。所以用vinegar could end hunger作为题目较为合适，故选b。.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1this morning when we were walking along the street，we found many fallen trees which were uprooted by the storm.连根拔起；根除2most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle.障碍；障碍物3hydrogen is a key component of fuel cells.组成部分，成分4wheat may be pakistans staple food，and milky tea is the national drink.主要的5at the time，i was playing as an amateur for cambridge university against professional county teams.业余爱好者(二)同义词语替换6were trying to bring along several promising young football players.hopeful(三)一词多义7makeup n化妆品；组成(1)even the genetic makeup of the virus is under debate.组成(2)normally she wore little makeup，but this evening was clearly an exception. 化妆品8pen v撰写；把关起来；n.钢笔；(围养家畜的)圈(1)the animals were penned up in cages.把关起来 (2) i really intended to pen this letter to you early this morning.撰写(3)take a piece of paper and a pen and try to figure out how you know when your values are fulfilled.钢笔(4)a pen is a small area with a fence around it in which farm animals are kept for a short time.(围养家畜的)圈.长难句理解1through hearing many stories of their lives，i was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)句式分析本句话是一个并列句，第一个and前的简单句是主系表结构；第二、三个and后的简单句与前面的句子主语一致，故省略了主语i，且这两个简单句为主谓宾结构；that wasnt essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury为定语从句，修饰限定everything。精美译文因为听了关于他们生活的很多故事，我感动得留下了眼泪，开始质疑自己的生活方式并且放弃了所有不必要的东西：化妆品和其他的奢侈品。2after leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.句式分析本句话是一个并列句，由并列连词while连接，前后表示对比关系。while前面的句子是主谓宾结构，其宾语为宾语从句that the ones treated with acetate had survived，在宾语从句中treated with acetate作定语，修饰the ones；while后面的句子是主谓结构。精美译文丢下这些植物不管14天后，他们发现那些加了醋酸盐的植物活了下来，而未加醋酸盐的植物都干死了。专题强化练(二十三).单项填空1in some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children.abut bwhile cbecause dthough答案b解析while在此意为“而，却”，用来表示前后对照，比较。2as can be seen from the bible，helping others in trouble is a good quality， you will be able to benefit a variety of valuable riches from.ait bthat cwhat done答案d解析句意为：从圣经上可以得知，帮助那些处在困难中的人是一种良好的品质，你可以从中获得各种有价值的财富。空格处与前句中的a good quality构成同位关系，one后面省略了which/that，所以选择d项。3our new house warm in winter and cool in summer.afeels bis feltcfinds dis found答案a解析feel作系动词后接形容词时，如果主语是人，则feel用其主动意义，表示主语的感觉；如果主语是物，则feel用主动形式表示被动意义，指主语(物)被接触后给接触者(人)的感觉。4hes sometimes hot-tempered，but hes a good fellow .aat heart bin heartcwith heart dby heart答案a解析句意为：他有时脾气暴躁，但他本质上是个好人。at heart在内心，本质上；in heart情绪高昂；with heart真心地；by heart用心记住。5most insurance agents would rather you anything until they investigate the situation.ado bdidnt docdont do dhadnt done答案b解析would rather后面所跟的从句用虚拟语气，而根据句子时态，此处应选择用过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟语气，故答案是b。6its the first time that she has been to the united states， ？aisnt she bisnt itchasnt she dhasnt it 答案b解析本句的主句是“its the first time”，后面的that从句是主语从句，该句是一个反意疑问句，反问部分的具体表达方式应该根据句子的主句判断而不是主语从句。7 great was the destruction that the economy took several years to recover.atoo bso csuch dvery答案b解析本句是so.that.结构的倒装结构，该句的正常语序应该是“the destruction was so great that the economy took several years to recover.”。8do you know anything new about the incident?a working party to look into the problem.awas set up bhas been set upchas been setting up dis setting up答案b解析首先确定主语是a working party，与set up是动宾关系，因此应为被动语态；另外根据句意，表示说话时已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时的被动语态。9this man along with his daughters always the largest fish.acatch bcatchescare catching dwere catching答案b解析句子的真正主语是this man，而along with.只是跟在后面的介词短语，所以谓语应用第三人称单数形式。10by the time you get to greenwich you the most historic parts of london.awill be seeing bwill seecare going to see dwill have seen答案d解析根据“by the time从句”结构可知，主句常与完成时连用。此处从句用一般现在时，故主句用将来完成时。.阅读理解a(2018湖南三十四校联考)here is a record of the discussion about ai (artificial intelligence) conducted by several scientists：scientist a：i would say that we are quite a long way off developing the ai，though i do think it will happen within the next thirty or forty years.we will probably remain in control of technology and it will help us solve many of the worlds problems.however，no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than humans.they may help us，ignore us or destroy us.i tend to believe ai will have a positive influence on our future lives，but whether that is true will be partly up to us.scientist b：i have to admit that the potential consequences of creating something that can match or go beyond human intelligence frighten me.even now，scientists are teaching computers how to learn on their own.at some point in the near future，their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.human beings evolve biologically very slowly and we would be quickly substituted.in the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.this could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.in the long term，machines might decide the world would be better without humans.scientist c：im a member of the campaign to stop killer robots.forget the movie image of a terrifying terminator stamping on human skulls(头骨) and think of whats happening right now：military machines like drones，gun turrets and sentry robots are already being used to kill with very little human input.the next step will be autonomous “murderbots” following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.it seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.we need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.11what is scientist b worried about?aai technology will destroy the earth.bcomputers cant think by themselves.crobots will take the place of humans.dhumans will be unhappy without machines.答案c解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“in the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.this could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.”可知，科学家b担心机器人会代替人类，造成人类失业、贫穷和社会动荡。故选c。12what does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to?athe campaign to stop killer robots.bthe movie image of a terrifying terminator.c“murderbots” cant decide by themselves.d“murderbots” will be against humans orders.答案d解析代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“the next step will be autonomous murderbots following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.”可知，自动“杀人机器人”服从人类的命令，但最后杀死谁由他们自己决定。句中this指“杀人机器人不服从人类的命令”。故选d。13which statement is correct according to the record?ascientist a thinks ai technology will never develop.bthe employment