通过分析Three Cups of Tea学习如何写一篇记叙文 刘凤阳.doc

通过分析Three Cups of Tea 选自高级英语（第1册）（张汉熙）学习如何写记叙文Greg Mortenson and David Oliver RelinAuthor:Born on December 27th 1957, Greg Mortenson is an American humanitarian, writer, and former mountaineer. He is the protagonist and co-author of Three Cups of Tea.Background:In 1992, Mortensons young sister died. Therefore in 1993, to honor his decreased sisters memory, Mortenson joined an expedition to scale K2, the worlds second highest mountain. After more than 70 days, Mortenson and three other climbers completed a life-saving rescue of a climber, which took more than 75 hours. After that rescue, he became weak and exhausted. Mortenson took a wrong turn along the way and ended up in Korphe, a small village. The village head Haji Ali gave him food and the warmest quilt and Mortenson recovered from hunger and cold. To pay the remote community back for their generosity and hospitality, Mortenson promised to build a school for the village. Summary:The book describes Mortensons transition from a mountain-climber to a humanitarian committed to reducing poverty and promoting education for girls in Pakistan and Afghanistan.一、Vantage View 二、Plot三、Conflict四、Theme五、Character一、Vantage view:The third personThe third-person narration is employed throughout the book.The author chooses a character (Mortenson) and the story is related in terms of that character in such a way that the field of vision is confined to him alone.They should be building the walls this week, he thought. Mortenson turned his anger inward, blaming himself. He couldnt keep returning Pakistan forever. Now he was married, he needed a career. He wanted to get the school finished so he could set about figuring out what his lifes work would be. 二、Plot:Beginning:Mortenson feels disappointed when he comes back to Korphe, only to find that Haji Ali hasnt started the construction accomplished. The rocks looked more like an ancient ruin than the building blocks of a new school. Though he stood on a plateau high above the Braldu River, in perfect fall weather that made the pyramid of Korphe K2, Mortenson was disheartened by the prospect before him.Analysis:开头交代了人物与地点，对于环境的描写与人物的心情形成对比，设置了悬念，引起读者的阅读兴趣，小说中的作者为何在看到这样的景象觉得心灰意冷。Development:This part introduces details about the school construction. At the start of the school construction, Haji Ali gives Mortenson a lesson on the three cups of tea.When the porcelain bowls of scalding butter tea steamed in their hands, Haji Ali spoke. “If you want to thrive in Baltistan, you must respect our ways,” Haji Ali said, blowing on his bowl. “The first time you share tea with a Balti, you are a stranger. The second time you take tea, you are an honored guest. The third time you share a cup of tea, you become family, and for our family, we are prepared to do anything, even die,” he said, laying his hand warmly on Mortensons own. “Doctor Greg, you must make time to share three cups of tea. We may be uneducated. But we are not stupid. We have lived and survived here for a long time.”Analysis:此段Haji Ali给Mortenson上了最重要的一节课为的是缓解Mortenson与村民们的关系。解释了三杯茶的含义，也使他认识到三杯茶的象征意义，即建立良好的人际关系和信任感。这也正是美国这样一个充满了独立感和隔离感并且一切以效率为上的社会所欠缺的。此小说的名字也来源于此。Climax:Haji Mehdi comes here to make blackmail. Haji Ali paid him a lot for the schools construction.“I have heard that an infidel has come to poison Muslim children, boys as well as girls, with his teachings,” Haji Mehdi barked. “Allah forbids the education of girls. And I forbid the construction of this school.”“We will finish our school,” Haji Ali said evenly. “Whether you forbid it or not.”Haji Mehdis men figured their clubs uneasily. He raised a hand to steady them. “If you insist on keeping your school, you must pay a price,” Mehdi said, the lids of his eyes lowering. “I demand twelve of your largest rams.”“As your wish,” Haji Ali said, turning his back on Mehdi, to emphasize how he had degraded himself by demanding a bribe. “Bring the chogo rabak!” he ordered.Analysis:这段为Haji Mehdi来此勒索，组织建设学校时与Haji Ali之间的对话描写，也是小说的高潮部分，之所以称它为高潮，是因为这是矛盾冲突的出现，是真正意义上的思想的碰撞，让读者为还能否成功建设学校感到紧张与担心。Haji Mehdi所说的话体现了他思想的陈腐，与他贪财的性格特点。衬托出Haji Ali为了孩子建设学校的坚定信念。Ending:Haji Ali and the villagers finish the construction of the school.Haji Ali paused before the building everyone in the village had worked so hard to raise. It held its ground firmly before Korphe K2, with snugly built stone walls, plastered and painted yellow, and thick wooden doors to beat back the weather. Never again would Korphes children kneel over their lessons on frozen ground. “Dont be sad,” he told the shattered crowd. “Long after all those rams are dead and eaten this school will still stand. Haji Mehdi has food today. Now our children have education forever.Analysis:小说结尾Haji Ali与村民完成了学校的建设，即使失去了了整个村子的大部分财产，仍然顶住压力建设了学校，因为那些山羊与孩子们能够在好的环境下学习实在是太微不足道了，事情圆满结束。对学校矗立在那的样子的描写给人以希望。三、 Conflict:“It was one of the most humbling things Ive ever seen,” Mortenson says, “Haji Ali had just handed over half the wealth of the village to that crook, but he was smiling like hed just won a lottery.”这实际上是陈腐思想，与Haji Ali坚持建立学校让孩子接受教育的新思想之间的矛盾冲突，十二只羊的确是很高的代价，从表面上看，Haji Mehdi在这场冲突中大获全胜，得到了自己想要的东西，但是Haji Ali赢得了孩子们上学的机会，这更是无价的。 四、Theme:After dark, by the light of the fire that smoldered in his balti, Haji Ali beckoned Mortenson to sit beside him. He picked up his dog-eared, grease-spotted Koran and held it before the flames. “Do you see how beautiful this Koran is?” Haji Ali asked.“Yes.”“I cant read it,” he said. “I cant read anything. This is the greatest sadness in my life. Ill do anything so the children of my village never have to know this feeling. Ill pay any price so they have the education they deserved.”Analysis:这里运用了大量的语言描写，通过Haji Ali的话引出主题，大量美好书籍的存在需要我们更加注重教育与学习，有好书却读不了该是多么令人遗憾的事情，为偏远贫困地区建立一所学校可能就是点燃了几个个村子的希望，圆了几千人的梦想。五、Character:Haji Ali kept his back turned to the visitors until twelve boys approached, dragging the sick-horned, heavy-hooved beasts. He accepted the bridles from them and tied the rams together. All the boys wept as they handed over their most cherished possessions to their murmadhar. Haji Ali led the line of rams, lowing mournfully, to Haji Mehdi, and threw the lead to him without a word. Then he turned on his heel and herded his people toward the site of the school.Analysis:这段对Haji Ali进行了动作描写，在孩子们回来一直没有正面对着索贿的人，体现了他对这种行为内心的鄙视。孩子们哭着交出了山羊，他明知道这是这个村子一大半的财产，他依然坚定的将山羊给了出去，体现出他一旦认为某件事是对的，就会坚持进行下去。即使他也有些难过，他也顶住压力做出这件事，体现出他作为村子的带头人，具有巨大的责任感和使命感。“Sitting there beside him,” Mortenson says, “I realized that everything, all the difficulties Id gone through, from the time Id promised to build the school, through the long struggle to complete it, was nothing compared to the satisfices he was prepared to make for his people. Here was this illiterate man, whod hardly ever left his little village in the Karakoram,” Mortenson says. “Yet he was the wisest man Ive ever met.”Analysis:这段Mortenson的话侧面地反映出Haji Ali做的一切都是为了自己的村民，他是一个有责任感的带头人，他虽然一字不识，却有着过人的智慧，是一个有远见的人，他为整个村子的发展牺牲了很多，为村子的教育事业做出了巨大贡献，迈出了勇敢的第一步。总结:写记叙文时要将记叙文的六要素交代清楚，描写景物部分要能渲染气氛，侧面反映出作者的心情。开头要能吸引读者的阅读兴趣，设置一个悬念，留下一个疑问。高潮前面要进行铺垫。结尾部分交代出主题。对于人物的描写，可以有动作、语言等描写手法，要体现出人物的性格特点，也可以用对比的方法进行突出表现。（1302020109，刘凤阳）附：Lesson 8 Three Cups of TeaCHAPTER 12 HAJI ALIS LESSONIt may seem absurd to believe that a “primitive” culture in the Himalaya has anything to teach our industrialized society. But our search for a future that works keeps spiraling back to an ancient connection between ourselves and the earth, an interconnectedness that ancient cultures have never abandoned. Helena Norberg-Hodge The rocks looked more like an ancient ruin than the building blocks of a new school. Though he stood on a plateau high above the Braldu River, in perfect fall weather that made the pyramid of Korphe K2 bristle, Mortenson was disheartened by the prospect before him. The previous winter, before leaving Korphe, Mortenson had driven tent pegs into the frozen soil and tied red and blue braided nylon cord to them, marking out a floor plan of five rooms he imagined for the school. Hed left Haji Ali enough cash to hire laborers from villages downriver to help quarry and carry the stone. And when he arrived, he expected to find at least a foundation for the school excavated. Instead, he saw two mounds of stones standing in a field. Inspecting the site with Haji Ali, Mortenson struggled to hide his disappointment. Between his four trips to the airport with his wife, and his tussle to reclaim his building materials, he had arrived here in mid-October, nearly a month after hed told Haji Ali to expect him. They should be building the walls this week, he thought. Mortenson turned his anger inward, blaming himself. He couldnt keep returning to Pakistan forever. Now that he was married, he needed a career. He wanted to get the school finished so he could set about figuring out what his lifes work would be. And now winter would delay construction once again. Mortenson kicked a stone angrily. “Whats the matter,” Haji Ali said in Balti. “You look like the young ram at the time of butting.” Mortenson took a deep breath. “Why havent you started?” he asked. “Doctor Greg, we discussed your plan after you returned to your village,” Haji Ali said. “And we decided it was foolish to waste your money paying the lazy men of Munjung and Askole. They know the school is being built by a rich foreigner, so they will work little and argue much. So we cut the stones ourselves. It took all summer, because many of the men had to leave for porter work. But dont worry. I have your money locked safely in my home.” “Im not worried about the money.” Mortenson said. “But I wanted to get a roof up before winter so the children would have some place to study.” Haji Ali put his hand on Mortensons shoulder, and gave his impa-tient American a fatherly squeeze. “I thank all-merciful Allah for all you have done. But the people of Korphe have been here without a school for six hundred years,” he said, smiling. “What is one winter more?” That night, lying under the stars on Haji Alis roof next to Twaha, Mortenson thought of how lonely hed been the last time hed slept on this spot. He pictured Tara, remembering the lovely way she had waved at him through the glass at SFO, and a bubble of happiness rose up so forcefully that he couldnt keep it to himself. “Twaha, you awake?” Mortenson asked. “Yes, awake.” “I have something to tell you. I got married.” Mortenson heard a click, then squinted into the beam of the flash-light hed just brought from America for his friend. Twaha sat up next to him, studying his face under the novel electric light to see if he was joking. Then the flashlight fell to the ground and Mortenson felt a sharp flurry of fists pummeling his arms and shoulders in congratulations. Twaha collapsed on his pile of bedding with a happy sigh. “Haji Ali say Doctor Greg look different this time,” Twaha said, laughing. “He really know everything.” He switched the flashlight experimentally off and on. “Can I know her good name?” “Tara.” “Ta. ra,” Twaha said, weighing the name, the Urdu word for star, on his tongue. “She is lovely, your Tara?” “Yes,” Mortenson said, feeling himself blush. “Lovely.” “How many goat and ram you must give her father?” Twaha asked. “Her father is dead, like mine,” Mortenson said. “And in America, we dont pay a bride price.” “Did she cry when she left her mother?” “She only told her mother about me after we were married.” Twaha fell silent for a moment, considering the exotic matrimonial customs of Americans.The next morning, Mortenson found a precious boiled egg on his plate, next to his usual breakfast of chapatti and lassi. Sakina grinned proudly at him from the doorway to her kitchen. Haji Ali peeled the egg for Mortenson and explained. “So youll be strong enough to make many children,” he said, while Sakina giggled behind her shawl. Haji Ali sat patiently at his side until Mortenson finished a second cup of milk tea. A grin smoldered, then ignited at the center of his thick beard. “Lets go build a school,” he said. Haji Ali climbed to his roof and called for all the men of Korphe to assemble at the local mosque. Mortenson, carrying five shovels he had recovered from Changazis derelict hotel, followed Haji Ali down muddy alleys toward the mosque, as men streamed out of every doorway. Korphes mosque had adapted to a changing environment over the centuries, much like the people who filled it with their faith. The Balti, lacking a written language, compensated by passing down exacting oral history. Every Balti could recite their ancestry, stretching back ten to twenty generations. And everyone in Korphe knew the legend of this listing wooden building buttressed with earthern walls. It had stood for nearly five hundred years, and had served as a Buddhist tem?ple before Islam had established a foothold in Baltistan. For the first time since hed arrived in Korphe, Mortenson stepped through the gate and set foot inside. During his visits he had kept respectful distance from the mosque, and Korphes religious leader, Sher Takhi. Mortenson was unsure how the mullah felt about having an infidel in the village, an infidel who proposed to educate Korphes girls. Sher Takhi smiled at Mortenson and led him to a prayer mat at the rear of the room. He was thin and his beard was peppered with gray. Like most Balti living in the mountains, he looked decades older than his forty-odd years. Sher Takhi, who called Korphes widely dispersed faithful to prayer five times a day without the benefit of amplification, filled the small room with his booming voice. He led the men in a special dua, asking Allahs blessing and guidance as they began work on the school. Mortenson prayed as the tailor had taught him, folding his arms and bending at the waist. Haji Ali provided the string this time. It was locally woven twine, not blue and red braided cord. With Mortenson, he measured out the correct lengths, dipped the twine in a mixture of calcium and lime, then used the villages time-tested method to mark the dimensions of a construction site. Haji Ali and Twaha pulled the cord taut and whipped it against the ground, leaving white lines on the packed earth where the walls of the school would stand. Mortenson passed out the five shovels and he and fifty other men took turns digging steadily all afternoon until they had hollowed out a trench, three feet wide and three feet deep, around the schools perimeter. When the trench was done, Haji Ali nodded toward two large stones that had been carved for this purpose, and six men lifted them, shuffled agonizingly toward the trench, and lowered them into the corner of the foundation facing Korphe K2. Then he called for the chogo rabak. Twaha strode seriously away and returned with a massive ash-colored animal with nobly curving horns. “Usually you have to drag a ram to make it move,” Mortenson says. “But this was the villages number-one ram. It was so big that it was dragging Twaha, who was doing his best just to hold on as the animal led him to its own execution.” Twaha halted the rabak over the cornerstone and grasped its horns. Gently, he turned the animals head toward Mecca as Sher Takhi chanted the story of Allah asking Abraham to sacrifice his son, before allowing him to substitute a ram after he passed his test of loyalty. In the Koran, the story appears in much the same manner as the covenant of Abraham and Isaac does in the Torah and the Bible. “Watching this scene straight out of the Bible stories Id learned in Sunday school,” Mortenson says, “I thought how much the different faiths had in common, how you could trace so many of their traditions back to the same root.” Hussain, an accomplished climbing porter with the build of a Balti-sized sumo wrestler, served as the village executioner. Baltoro porters were paid per twenty-five-kilogram load. Hussain was famous for hauling triple loads on expeditions, never carrying fewer than seventy kilograms, or nearly 150 pounds, at a time. He drew a sixteen-inch knife from its sheath and laid it lightly against the hair bristling on the rams throat. Sher Takhi raised his hands, palms up, over the rabaks head and requested Allahs permission to take its life. Then he nodded to the man holding the quivering knife. The women prepared rice and dal while the men skinned and butchered the ram. “We didnt get anything else done that day,” Mortenson says. “In fact we hardly got anything else done that fall. Haji Ali was in a hurry to sanctify the school, but not to build it. We just had a massive feast. For people who may only get meat a few times a year, that meal was a much more serious business than a school.” Every resident of Korphe got a share of the meat. After the last bone had been beaten and the last strip of marrow sucked dry, Mortenson joined a group of men who built a fire by what would one day soon, he hoped, become the courtyard of a completed school. As the moon rose over Korphe K2, they danced around the fire and taught Mortenson verses from the great Himalayan Epic of Gezar, beloved across much of the roof of the world, and introduced him to their inexhaustible supply of Balti folk songs. Together, the Balti and the big American danced like dervishes and sang of feuding alpine kingdoms, of the savagery of Pathan warriors pouring in from Afghanistan, and battles between the Balti rajas and the strange European conquerors who came first from the West in the time of Alexander, and then, attended by their Gurkha hirelings, from British India to the south and east. Korphes women, accustomed by now to the infidel among them, stood at the edge of the firelight, their faces glowing, as they cl