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Teaching and learning Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student If a long reading assignment is given instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning not the one interested only in getting high gardes Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade Even if a grade is not given the student is responsible for learning the material assigned When research is assigned the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance It is student s responsibility to find books magazines and articles in the library Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library Professors will help students who need it but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them In the United States professors have many other duties besides teaching such as administrative or research work Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited If a student has problems with classroom work the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment The difference between man and computer What makes people different from computer programs What is the missing element that our theories don t yet account for The answer is simple people read newspaper stories for a reason to learn more about what they are interested in computers on the other hand don t in fact computers don t even have interests there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read If a computer program is to be a mobel of story understanding it should also read for a purpose Of course people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals or to find a good place to go for a business lunch Computers do not get hungry and computers do not have business lunches However these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food how expensive the restaurant is the location of the restaurant etc these are goals to acquire information or knowledge what we are calling learning goals These goals can be held by computers too a computer might want to find out the location of a restaurant and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer it might well arise out of the goal to learn more about restaurants Look on the bright side Do you ever wish you were more optimistic someone who always expected to be successful Having someone around who always fears the worst isn t really a lot of fun We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says it looks like rain But if you catch yourself thinking such things it s important to do something about it You can change your view of life according to paychologists It only takes a little effort and you ll find life more rewarding as a result Optimism they say is partly about selfrespect and confidence but it s also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong Most optimists on the other hand have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the world they just get on with their lives The first bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years In 1791 count de sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in pairs as he showed off his two wheeled invention a machine called the celerifere It was basically an enlarged version of a children s toy which had been in use for many years Sivrac s celerifere had a wooden frame made in the shape of a horse which was mounted on a wheel ai either end To ride it you sat on a small seat just like a modern bicycle and pushed hard against the ground with your legs there were no pedals It was impossible to steer a celerifere and it had no brakes but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of paris Soon they were holding races up and down the strees Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed controlling the machine was difficult as the only way to change direction was to put up the front of the celerifere and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air Celerifere were not popular for long however as the combination of no springs no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable Even so the wooden celerifere was the origin of the modern bicycle Working mothers Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long term problems compared with children whose mothers stayed at home My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish Whether we like it or not there are a number of mothers who just have to work There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity Many mothers are not cut out to be full time parents After a few months at home with a much loved infant they feel trapped and isolated There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare These range from child minders and nannies through to granny or the kind lady across the street In reality however many pare