悉-尼-歌-剧-院

SydneySydney OperaOpera HouseHouse The Sydney Opera House located in Sydney New South Wales Australia is one of the most famous performing arts venues in the world Designed by J rn Utzon a Danish architect the Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive and famous twentieth century buildingsOpened in 1973 it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as of June 27 2007 Situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbor with park land to its south and close to the equally famous Sydney Harbour Bridge the building and its surroundings form an iconic Australian image It is also famous for lengthy delays in its completion huge cost overruns and a stormy relationship between designer and client which led to Utzon s resignation from the project in 1966 before its completion Description The Sydney Opera House at Night The Sydney Opera House is an expressionist modern design with a series of large precast concrete shells each taken from the same hemisphere forming the roofs of the structure The Opera House covers 4 5 acres of land and is 605 feet long and about 388 feet wide at its widest point It is supported by 580 concrete piers sunk up to 82 feet below sea level Its power supply is equivalent to that of a town of 25 000 people and is distributed by 401 miles of electrical cable The roofs of the House are covered with 1 056 million Swedish made tiles glossy white and matte cream in color The buildings Concert Hall and Opera Theater are each contained in the two largest groups of shells and its other theaters are located on the sides of the shell groupings The form of the shells is chosen to reflect the Opera House s internal height requirements rising from the low entrance spaces over the seating areas and up to the high stage towers A much smaller group of shells is set to one side of the monumental steps to house the Bennelong Restaurant Although the roof structures of the Sydney Opera House are commonly referred to as shells in a strictly structural sense they are actually precast concrete panels supported by concrete ribs The building s interior is composed of pink granite quarried in Tarana and wood and brush box plywood supplied from northern New South Wales Performance venues and facilities The Sydney Opera House contains five theaters five rehearsal studios two main halls four restaurants six bars and numerous souvenir shops The five theaters making up the performance facilities are The Concert Hall with 2 679 seats contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world with over 10 000 pipes The maximum seating capacity is 2 679 with approximately 2 100 seats situated in front of the stage most appropriate for amplified concerts The concert platform is 14m to 17m wide x 11m deep with a floor area of approximately 200m2 Stage extensions can be added to increase stage depth with the loss of 85 seats Stage access and wing space are limited The Opera Theater with 1 547 seats The maximum seating capacity is 1 507 with 883 in the stalls 466 in the dress circle and 158 in boxes some of which have restricted sightlines The walls and ceiling are painted black and the floor is brushbox timber The seats are made of white birch timber and are upholstered in red woollen fabric The Opera Theatre has an extensive flying system and a maximum proscenium opening of 11 5m wide by 7 0m high The height to the grid is 15 5m The stage is 17 5m deep upstage of the safety curtain Two lifts at the rear of the stage can add 7m to the stage depth and are used to move scenery from the dock area below The orchestra pit extends in an arc downstage of the safety curtain to a maximum depth of 3m The front section of the pit can be raised to stage level to increase the performance area Wing space is restricted with only 3 5m beyond the proscenium on either side of the stage The Drama Theater with 544 seats The maximum seating capacity is 544 in 19 rows The auditorium is raked from the fourth row ensuring good sightlines from all seats The walls and ceiling are painted black and the floor is covered with blue carpet The seats are made of white birch timber and are upholstered in tangerine woollen fabric The Drama Theatre is equipped with a computerised flying system and twin concentric stage revolves centre and ring The maximum proscenium opening is 13 5m wide by 4 8m high The height to the grid is limited to 10 4m The stage is 14m deep upstage of the safety curtain with a forestage of 2m The Playhouse with 398 seats The maximum seating capacity is 398 in 17 rows The fully raked auditorium ensures good sightlines from all seats The walls and ceiling are clad in white birch timber and the floor is covered with red carpet The seats are made of white birch timber and are upholstered in dark purple woollen fabric The venue is designed in an end stage configuration The A symmetric stage can be extended in two stages half extension and fully extended Each extension adds approximately 90cm to the depth of the stage and requires the removal of up to 23 seats The stage area has a maximum depth of 8 6m with the stage fully extended and a usable width of approximately 10m widest point is 13 6m Twenty motorised battens are available above the stage for rigging lighting and scenery to a maximum height of 6 4m plus a single stick of tri truss down stage on chain motors The stage surface is masonite covering plywood that can be screwed into The Studio Theatre with 364 seats The maximum capacity ranges from 220 to 350 seated or up to 600 standing depending on the venue and seating layout The floor area is approximately 15m x 15m within which tiered seating bank s cabaret style seating and a standing audience may be arranged in various configurations There are two rows of fixed seating on each of the four sides on the gallery level Construction history Origins Planning for the Sydney Opera House began in the late 1940s when Eugene Goossens the Director of the New South Wales NSW State Conservatorium of Music lobbied for a suitable venue for large theatrical productions At the time the normal venue for such productions was the Sydney Town Hall but it was not considered large enough By 1954 Goossens succeeded in gaining the support of NSW Premier Joseph Cahill who called for designs for a dedicated opera house It was also Goossens who insisted that Bennelong Point be the site for the Opera House Cahill had wanted it to be on or near the Wynyard Railway Station located in the north western Sydney The competition was launched by Cahill on September 13 1955 and received a total of 233 entries from 32 countries The criteria specified a large hall seating 3 000 and a small hall for 1 200 people each to be designed for different uses including full scale operas orchestral and choral concerts mass meetings lectures ballet performances and other presentations The basic design announced in 1957 was the one submitted by J rn Utzon a Danish architect Utzon arrived in Sydney in 1957 to help supervise the project Design and construction of the Opera House The Fort Macquarie Tram Depot occupying the site at the time of these plans was demolished in 1958 and formal construction of the Opera House began in March 1959 The project was built in three stages Stage I 1959 1963 consisted of building the upper podium Stage II 1963 1967 saw the construction of the outer shells Stage III consisted of the interior design and construction 1967 1973 Stage I podium Stage I commenced on December 5 1958 by the construction firm Civil Civic However major structural issues still plagued the design and inclement weather further delayed progress By January 23 1961 work was running 47 weeks behind Work on the podium was finally completed on August 31 1962 The forced early start led to significant later problems not least of which was the fact that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure and had to be re built Stage II roof The shells of the competition entry designed were originally of undefined geometry but early in the design process the shells were perceived as a series of parabolas supported by precast concrete ribs However engineers Ove Arup and partners were unable to find an acceptable method of constructing them From 1957 to 1963 the design team went through at least 12 iterations or repetitions of the form of the shells including schemes with parabolas circular ribs and ellipsoids before a workable solution was completed The design work on the shells involved one of the earliest uses of computers in structural analysis in order to understand the complex forces to which the shells would be subjected In mid 1961 the design team found a solution to the problem the shells all being created as sections from a sphere With whom exactly this solution originated has been the subject of some controversy The shells were constructed by Hornibrook Group Pty Ltd who were also responsible for construction of the interiors in Stage III Hornibrook manufactured the 2 400 precast ribs and 4 000 roof panels in an on site factory and also developed the construction processes This solution avoided the need for expensive formwork construction by allowing the use of precast units and allowed the roof tiles to be prefabricated in sheets on the ground instead of being stuck on individually at height An Ove Arup and Partners site engineer supervised the construction of the shells which used an innovative adjustable steel trussed erection arch to support the different roofs before completion Stage III interiors Stage III the interiors started with Utzon moving his entire office to Sydney in February 1963 However there was a change of government in 1965 and the new administration declared the project under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works This ultimately led to Utzon s resignation The second stage of construction was still in process when Utzon resigned His position was principally taken over by Peter Hall who became largely responsible for the interior design Other persons appointed that same year to replace Utzon were E H Farmer as government architect D S Littlemore and Lionel Todd In 1966 following Utzon s resignation acoustic adviser Lothar Cremer confirmed that Utzon s original acoustic design only allowed for 2 000 seats in the main hall He further stated that increasing the number of seats to the intended 3 000 would be disastrous for the acoustics The subsequent Todd Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have indeed involved some problems with acoustics particularly for the performing musicians The orchestra pit in the Opera Theater is cramped and making it difficult for musicians to hear and the Concert Hall has a very high roof creating other acoustic problems which have not been entirely solved The Opera House was formally completed in 1973 having cost 102 million The original cost estimate in 1957 was 7 million and the original completion date set by the government was January 26 1963 The Utzon controversy Before the Sydney Opera House competition Utzon had won seven of the 18 competitions he had entered but had never seen any of his designs built Utzon s submitted concept for the Sydney Opera House was almost universally admired and considered groundbreaking For the first stage of the project Utzon worked successfully with the rest of the design team and the client but as the project progressed it became clear that the competition requirements had been inadequate with regard to acoustics specifications of performance spaces cost and other issues Tensions between the client and the design team grew further when an early start to construction was demanded despite an incomplete design Beginning in the late 1990s the Sydney Opera House Trust began to communicate with J rn Utzon in an attempt to effect a reconciliation and to secure his involvement in future changes to the building In 1999 he was appointed by the Sydney Opera House Trust as a design consultant for future work In 2004 the first interior space rebuilt to match Utzon s original design was opened and renamed The Utzon Room in his honor 悉悉 尼尼 歌歌 剧剧 院院 悉尼歌剧院悉尼歌剧院 位于悉尼 澳大利亚 新南威尔士州是世界最著名的艺术表演场地之一 悉 尼歌剧院是 J rn 设计的作品 丹麦的建筑师 是最独特 最著名的二十世纪建筑之一 1973 年开业 它被指定为 2007 年 6 月 27 日的教科文组织世界文化遗产 Bennelong 点位于悉尼海港 南公园土地 接近同样著名的悉尼海港大桥 建筑和其周围地区 形成了一个标志性的澳大利亚的形象 它还以冗长的延迟后 巨大的成本超支 和一个暴风 雨设计师和客户之间的关系 从而导致了 Utzon 辞职之前 从该项目于 1966 年结束 说明 说明 悉尼歌剧院是表现主义的现代设计 一系列的大型预制混凝土 壳 每个取自相同 的半球 形成结构的屋顶 歌剧院占地面积 4 5 亩的土地 是长 605 英尺和约 388 英尺 宽宽点 它受 580 混凝土桥墩沉井低于海平面达 82 英尺 其电力供应相当于 2 5 万人 的一个小镇 并分发由 401 英里的电力电缆 房子的屋顶覆盖着 1 056 万 Swedish made 磁砖 光面纸白色和彩色磨砂霜 建筑物的音乐厅和歌剧剧院都包含在这两个最大的群体的壳及其他剧院位于两边的壳 的组合 壳的形式选择反映歌剧院的内部高度的要求 从低入口空格 上升超过座位区域和 多达高阶段塔 壳体开口处旁边另立的两块倾斜的小壳顶 形成一个大型的公共餐厅 名为贝尼朗餐厅 虽然屋顶结构悉尼歌剧院通常被称为壳 但在严格意义上说它们实际上是 precast concrete 结构混凝土肋所支持的 建筑的内部是由北部新南威尔士州的塔拉纳的木材和画 笔框胶合板的粉红色花岗岩组成 表演场地及设施 表演场地及设施 悉尼歌剧院包含五个电影院 五个排练工作室 两个主殿 四家餐馆 六个酒吧和无数的纪念品商店 表演设施组成的五个电影院是 音乐厅 音乐厅 2 679 的议席 包含悉尼歌剧院最大的器官 超过 10 000 个管道 是世界上 规模最大机械跟踪器 最大可以容纳 2679 人 约 2100 个座位坐落在舞台前 最适合放大音 乐会 音乐会是 14 米平台 17 米宽 x 11 米深的 总占地面积约 200 平方米 舞台可以延伸 添加到一定深度阶段 那么相应的失去 85 个席位 歌剧院歌剧院 最多可容纳是 1 507 与 883 档位 466 件衣服圈和 158 在框中 其中一些 严重影响视线 墙壁和天花板涂成黑色 地板是 brushbox 木材 议席由白桦木材的和都 布置在红色羊毛织物 歌剧院拥有广泛的飞行系统和 11 5 米宽的最大舞台开幕有 7 0 m 高 网格高度为 15 5 米 舞台是安全幕深抢 17 5 米 舞台后面的两部升降机可以添加到舞台深度 7 米 用于从下 面的码头区域移动的风景 乐团坑延伸舞台前方向 3 米的最大深度安全幕的弧 坑前的部 分可以提升到舞台水平增加性能的面积 限制只有 3 5 米超越舞台两侧的舞台翼空间 话剧院话剧院 剧场是中等大小的舞台拱剧院 最多可容纳是 544 个座位有 19 行 从第四行开 倾斜的设计 为了确保良好的视线 墙壁和天花板都漆成黑色 地面覆盖着蓝色的地毯 阀 座采用白桦木材和被修饰在橘毛纺面料 剧场配备电脑的飞行系统和双同心阶段围绕 中心和环 最大舞台开幕是 13 5 米宽的 高 4 8 米 在网格的高度仅限于 1040 万 舞台是 2 米的 forestage 与安全幕深 14 米 剧场剧场 398 个席位剧场是最亲密的表演场地内悉尼歌剧院之一 最多可容纳 17 行 398 个 座位 完全倾斜的礼堂设计 确保所有的座位都有良好的视线 墙壁和天花板身着白桦木 材和地板铺着红地毯 议席由白桦木材的和都布置在暗紫色羊毛织物 场地的设计结束阶段的配置 可以扩展 A 对称阶段分两个阶段 半扩展名 和 充 分扩展 每个扩展名添加到舞台的深度约 90 厘米 需要拆除达 23 个席位 舞台区域已 完全伸展的舞台 8 6 m 的最大深度和约 10 米的可用宽度 最宽处为 13 6 m 可用的 索具照明和 6 4 米的最大高度 加上三桁架舞台上链电机单条风景舞台上方二十艘机动的 吊灯 舞台表面是森覆盖可以拧成的胶合板 小剧场小剧场 364 个席位最大容量范围从 220 至 350 坐 或最多 600 站 取决于地点 和座位编排 占地面积是大约 15 米 15 米内 分层的座位银行 s 歌舞座位 和常设观众可能安排在各种配置中 有固定的座位 每个库级别上的四个侧面上的 两行 建设历史建设历史 起源 起源 建造悉尼歌剧院的计划始于 1940 年代 悉尼音乐学院的院长 Eugene Goossens 游说建造一个能够表演大型戏剧作品的场所 当时进行戏剧表演的场所悉 尼市政厅对于戏剧表演来说太小了 在1954 年 Goossens 成功取得了新南威尔士州 总理 Joseph Cahill 的支持 Joseph Cahill 要求要求设计一个专门用于歌剧的剧院 也是 Goossens 坚持将歌剧院建在便利朗角 Bennelong Point 上 尽管 Cahill 曾 想将其建得离位于 CBD 西北方的温耶德火车站 Wynyard railway station Sydney 更近一点 Cahill 于 1955 年 9 月 13 日发起了歌剧院的设计竞赛 共收到了 来自 32 个国家的 233 件参赛作品 参赛作品的规定是必须有一个能容下3000 人的 大厅和一个能容下 1200 人的小厅 两个厅都要被设计成有不同的用途 包括歌剧 交 响乐和合唱音乐会 大规模的会议 讲座 芭蕾舞演出和其他演讲 歌剧院的设计与施工歌剧院的设计与施工 原本位于便利朗角 Bennelong Point 的麦格理 堡垒电车厂 于 1958 年拆除 歌剧院 的前期准备工作于 1959 年 3 月份开始 歌剧院的建造计划一共有三个阶段 阶段一 1959 年 1963 年 包括建造矮墙 阶段二 1963 年 1967 年 建造外部的 壳 结构 阶段三 内部的设计和装潢 1967 年 1973 年 第一阶段第一阶段 讲台讲台 于 1958 年 12 月 5 日开始 建筑公司为 Civil Civic 奥雅纳工程顾问公司的工程 师们则负责监督和指导 政府出于对资金和公众舆论的担心力求工程尽快开展 然而约 恩 伍重的最终设计却仍未完成 1961 年 1 月 23 日 工程已比预计延后了 47 天 这主要是因为遇到了一些没有预料到的困难 包括天气 没有预料到的雨水改道 工程 在正确的结构图准备好之前就已开始 合同文件的改变 矮墙的工程最终于 1962 年 8 月 31 日完成 迫使工程尽快开展的行为最终导致后来产生了一些显而易见的问题 和这样一个事实 矮墙的强度并不能够支撑它的屋顶结构 因此必须要重建 第二阶段 第二阶段 屋顶屋顶 在最初的歌剧院设计竞赛中 这些壳并没有几何学上的定义 但在设计过程的开始 阶段 这些 壳 被定义为由一系列的混凝土构件组成的排骨支撑起来的抛物线 然而 奥雅纳工程顾问公司的工程师们找不到一个建造这些 壳 的方法