Indonesian常用语1.doc

English Compared to Indonesianby TruAlfa & IMost English language spell check programs can also check Indonesian spelling without any adjustments because both languages use the exact same alphabet with no accent marks. It is possible that no major language in the world today is more similar to English than Indonesian. Because of the simplicity and consistency inherent in Indonesian it is an easy language to learn. Some people say it is more suitable than English to be the worlds international language.Similarities Between the two Languages1. Both English and Indonesian use the same 26 letter alphabet, divided similarly between vowels and consonants. Neither language uses accent marks for any of the 26 letters.2. The ways of arranging sentences and paragraphs are similar.3. Both languages use similar methods of classifying word types into nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, pronouns, etc ,4. Both languages form words in the same way by attaching prefixes and suffixes to root words5. Both languages have transitive & intransitive structures6. Both languages have passive & active voices - Indonesian uses di- prefix to indicate the passive voice while English uses the -ed suffix.7. Both languages use similar numbering systems except that Indonesian uses a decimal(dot) instead of a comma as 3 digit separator (be aware that English is inconsistent with terms for large numbers - American system and British/European system are different)8. Both languages use similar punctuation marks such as commas, periods, parenthesis, question marks, quotation marks, hyphens, etc.9. Symbols are nearly the same for both languages10. Capitalization is nearly the same for both languages11. There are many words that are identical to both languages and even more that are very similar. See our website lists - 780 identical words and 1,200 that are very similar. Most spellings for names of the worlds countries are the same or very similar in both languages.Differences Between the two Languages1. Indonesian is still a root-based language with nice complete root word families while English has diverged and the study of root words is not as useful. Many original English root words are now not used and forgotten although some of their derived forms remain popular.2. English has tenses for verbs while Indonesian has no similar concept. 3. Indonesian doesnt have gender (male/female/neuter personal pronouns)4. Indonesian doesnt have a plural suffix which is comparable to the English s. Indonesian plural concept is understood by context or by the addition of other words to express the concept of something being more than one.5. Pronunciation is different but not drastically different.6. Bahsaa Indonesia doesnt use contractions such as arent, wont, etc.7. Indonesian sentences almost always have the primary thought or focus on the beginning of the sentence, the main thought comes first and the adjunct second. English is more varied and inconsistent. 8. Many English words can be used in different ways (e.g. same-spelled words with different meanings) while Indonesian has fewer.9. Modifying adjectives are usually placed before the noun in English but after nouns in Indonesian 10. There are no articles in Indonesian (no a, an or the), although the se- prefix can act in a similar manner such as in secarik = a scrap or sebuah = a piece (of fruit). 11. English doesnt use the circumfix affix12. English uses figurative forms more frequently than bahaa Indonesia13. English has different spellings for 3rd person singular verbs while Indonesian does not change the verb. (example: I go, you go, he goes - I go is 1st person singular, you go is 2nd person singular and he goes is 3rd person singular with goes as a different spelling of go.)14. Hyphens - English uses hyphens to form adjectives & nouns from differing words, compounding them with the combined meaning (e.g. life-giving = adj.). Indonesian uses hyphens for repetition of the same word or almost-same words (reduplication, expressing repetition or indicating things smaller than real size like toys). 15. In spoken Indonesian, there are no linking verbs corresponding to the English words be, am, is, are, was, were.FORMING INDONESIAN WORDS & INDONESIAN AFFIXESby TruAlfa & IndoDA large number of the words used in the Indonesian language are formed by combining root words with affixes and other combining forms. Knowing how affixes are used is the key to understanding the meanings of derived words and in learning to read Indonesian. If you know the meaning of a root word and the rules for each type of affix, you will be better able to understand and predict the meanings of the words derived from that root word. There are a relatively small number of Indonesian affixes in common usage and bahasa Indonesia is still very much a root-based language with nice complete word families. This is in contrast to English where there are many more affixes from diverse sources and the study of root words and their families is not as useful. There are at least 100 different English affixes and combining forms in common usage. Indonesian has about 40 affixes in common usage that are combined with a relatively small group of root words. There is a certain simplicity and consistency inherent in Indonesian that makes it an easy language to learn. If this were a logical world, bahasa Indonesia would be the worlds international language. We have simplified our explanations by excluding advanced concepts such as compound words with affixes, reduplicated words with affixes and by accepting a small degree of impreciseness in terminology. We avoid using highly technical terms in the explanations as much as possible. Our goal is to explain in common language how affixes and combining forms are used, without listing and discussing every rule and exception. We hope this condensed approach will be useful for students of Indonesian. Selamat belajar!Terminology Used in Our Analysisroot word = words that are able to have affixes added are called root words. Although root words can be further classified as base roots, multiple-word roots, previously-affixed roots & roots with other combining forms, we will not discuss these distinctions for the sake of simplicity. (a good example of the impreciseness mentioned above that we must be willing to accept for the sake of conciseness and clarity.)affix 词缀 = a standard set of letters attached to a root word that creates a new word. An affix is not able to be used alone in language but must be attached to another unit such as a root word. The word affix is a general term for a prefix前缀, a suffix后缀 or a confix连接缀.prefix = an affix attached to the front of a root word that creates a new word.suffix = an affix attached at the end of a root word that creates a new word.confix = a prefix and a suffix attached simultaneously to a root word that performs the single function of creating a new word (note that English does not have the concepts of either confix or infix插入缀).infix = an affix that is inserted within a root word and which creates a new word. An infix is usually placed into the root word after the first syllable of the root word. Infixes are rarely used in bahasa Indonesia.derived word = the new word that is formed when an affix is attached to a root word.root word family = a related group of words consisting of a root word and all derived words that were formed from that root word by the addition of various bining form = a linguistic unit that has a function similar to an affix but which cannot be technically classified as an affix.Common Indonesian Affixes & Combining Formsprefixes:ber-, di-, ke-, me- group (me-, mem-, men-, meng-, menge-, meny-), pe- group (pe-, pem-, pen-, peng-, penge-, peny-), per-, se-, ter-suffixes: -an, -kan, -i, -lah, -kah, -nyaconfixes: ber - an, ke - an, per - an, se - nya, pe - an group (pe - an, pem - an, pen - an, peng - an, penge - an, peny - an)infixes:el, em, ercombining forms: antar-, para-, eka-, kau-, ku-, oto-, -pun, -ku, -mu, -nyaNote: the prefixes menge- and penge- listed above are not very common. They are used to produce a smoother sounding result when the root word consists of a single syllable. examples:menge- + lap = mengelap; penge- + bom = pengebomStudy NotesThe effect an affix has on a root word often varies in patterns according to the word type of the root word prior to the attachment of the affix. In listing Indonesian word types we follow the usage of the dictionary prepared and published by the Indonesian government - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, (Balai Pustaka, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Edisi Kedua - 1991). Please to be aware that there is controversy among Indonesian scholars as to whether words with the ber- prefix should be classified as adjectives or verbs. Kamus Besar classifies them all as verbs and we follow that example.It will be helpful to keep in mind that the usage of affixes often has a connection with the action taking place in a sentence - who is doing that action, where the action is directed and whether the action is the main focus of the sentence or not. As a general rule, the opening words of an Indonesian sentence are the most important in the mind of the speaker and these words normally become the main focus of the sentence. This is especially relevant to the concept of Passive and Active verbs and in deciding which form of verb to use (the me- form is used for Active Voice verbs where the actor is the main focus while the di- form is used for Passive Voice verbs where a direct object is the main focus of the sentence).Frequency of Affix UsageIn our TruAlfa Indonesian-English dictionary published in 2002 there are 38,308 unique word entries (excluding abbreviations, acronyms and multiple-word entries) of which 22,022 have an affix added and 16,286 do not. In percentage terms, 57% of the words are affixed and 43% are not. In the year 1998, we conducted an informal analysis of 10,000 Indonesian words found in common Indonesian publications. Of these 10,000 words, 2,887 contained one or more type of affix and 7,113 had no affix at all. In other words, for every 100 words in an Indonesian newspaper or magazine you might expect to find about 29 of them with an affix attached. The degree of usage for each of the most common affixes is included below.INFIXESel, em & er - there are 3 types of infix that are inserted after the first syllable of root words to create new words with varying meanings. Infixes are rarely used and are not productive (not capable of being used to form new words freely). Since there are only about 20 examples of infixes in common usage, we feel it is easier to just study the meaning of each derived word individually and not attempt to learn the rules regarding their use. Please see the list of derived words with infixes that we have included in a table at the end of this summary. In general, an infix adds a notion of being many, having repetition, being in the form of or being an actor or tool.PREFIXESber- : adding this prefix to verb, noun or adjective root words results in a verb that often means being something, having something, having a certain attribute or indicating a state of being or condition. A primary function of the ber- prefix is to indicate that the subject of a sentence is the experiencer or recipient of the action in the sentence. Many of the Indonesian verbs formed with ber- have English language translations that are classified as adjectives in English. About one in every 44 words in Indonesian publications will have this prefix. Examples: beragama ber+agama = having a religion agama is a nounberbahaya ber+bahaya = being dangerous bahaya is an adjectiveberhenti ber+henti = to stop henti is a verbme-, mem- men-, meng-, menge-, meny-,: All six of these prefixes are variations of the same prefix me- and we refer to them collectively as the me-group. They have the same meanings and usage but are spelled differently, depending on the first letters of the root word to which they are attached. This is done to produce a smoother sounding result. This is the most commonly used Indonesian prefix and about one in every 13 words in Indonesian publications will have a prefix from the me-group.Attaching one of the prefixes from this group to a verb root word doesnt change the meaning of the verb but gives the new verb a sense of having the main focus of the sentence on the actor and not on the action or the object of the action. Adding one of the prefixes from the me-group to a noun or adjective root word often creates a verb that functions to indicate that the subject of an utterance is the agent, actor, initiator or perpetrator - the one responsible for carrying out the action of the verb. Examples:melihat me+lihat = to see; to look atmenjadi men+jadi = to becomemengerti meng+erti = to understand mengelap menge+lap = to dust with a clothmenyapu meny+(s)apu = to sweep with a broommembuat mem+buat = to make; to build Note: Prefixes from the me-group may be optionally dropped in informal speech, except when the root word also has the suffix -kan or -i attached, in which case it cannot be dropped. Prefixes from the me- group are never used in imperatives when the speaker gives a command.di- : This prefix has a strong connection with the me- group of prefixes discussed above. The me-group indicates the Active voice where the actor is the main focus while the di- prefix creates a verb indicating the Passive voice where the main focus of the sentence is on the action or the object of the action and not on the actor. Indonesian words with the di- prefix nearly always translate into English words which have the -ed suffix. About one in every 40 words in Indonesian publications will have this very common prefix. Examples:dilarang di+larang = prohibiteddiparkir di+parkir = parkedNote: dont confuse the di- prefix discussed above with the use of di as a separate word which means in, at, on or to. The separate word di is not to be attached to other words although some Indonesians do use it that way incorrectly.pe-, pem-, pen-, peng-, penge-, peny- : All six of these prefixes have the same meaning and usage but have different spellings depending on the first letter of the root word to which they are attached. We refer to these as the pe- group. About one in every 110 words in Indonesian publications will have a prefix from this group. Adding one of these prefixes to a noun root usually forms a noun that indicates a person, agent or thing that has the character of the root word: examples:pekamus pe+kamus = a person who makes a dictionarypembantu pem+bantu = a maid or assistantpencopet pen+copet = a thiefpengurus peng+urus = a manager or directorpengebor penge+bor = a drill or drillerpenyair peny+(s)air = a poet If one of the six prefixes from the pe-group is attached to an adjective root word it usually results in a word which indicates a person or thing that has the quality or attribute inherent in the adjective root word: examples:pemuda pe+muda = a young personpembuka pem+buka = an openerpenutup pen+(t)utup = a cover or lidpenghapus peng+hapus = an eraserpengebom penge+bom = a bomberpenyakit peny+(s)akit = illnessNote: There is a separate use of the prefix pe- that can be distinguished from the pe- prefix discussed above that is part of the pe- group. Unfortunately, the spellings for these two are the same and the difference in usage is not obvious. The usage rules require an analysis of context to distinguish between the two (one form is used with ber- prefixed verbs while the other is used with verbs having a prefix from the me-group). ter- : About one in every 54 words in Indonesian publications will have this common prefix. Attaching the ter- prefix has two possible results.(1) If ter- is added to an adjective root word, it usually results in an adjective that indicates an extreme condition or a superlative: examples: terbesar ter+besar = biggest; most bigterbaru ter+baru = newest; most newtermurah ter+murah = cheapest; most inexpensive(2) If ter- is added to a root word other than an adjective, it often results in a verb indicating a final or completed state or condition where the actor is unimportant, such as when the action is performed by an unidentified person or by an act of nature. The focus of the sentence is usually on the resultant state or condition of the action, with little concern for who did it or for how this state or condition was reached:examples:tercatat ter+catat = recorded; documentedterbatas ter+batas = limited; confinedNote: Indonesian words with the ter- prefix nearly always translate into English words having the -ed suffix. This is a very useful coincidence for translation. As noted above, the Indonesian di- prefix also has the same characteristic of creating Indonesian words which nearly always have English translations that end with the -ed suffix.se- : adding the se- prefix has several possible results with varying word types. It can often be viewed as a substitute for the word satu (meaning one). About one in every 42 words in Indonesian publications will have this common prefix. The most common uses of this prefix are:(1) to indicate one item, a unit or unity (like a or the in English)example: sebuah se+buah (noun) = a piece; one piece; the piece(2) to mean throughout or completely affec