SAP PP模块 PA教程 EXP_0007.doc

00.20.30.4n In long-term planning, production plans for future demand programs are simulatively calculated using MRP runs with reference to the planning scenarios. n The demand programs that are able to be simulated may include planned independent requirements and/or sales orders. n The simulation can be evaluated and optimized with regard to material requirements planning, capacity planning, order volumes, purchasing budget, cost center planning and inventory controlling. After the evaluation of the simulative planning results, the current demand program can be replaced by the preferred version in long-term planning and can be continued there.0.5n The principle of long-term planning is to simulate planning against different versions of the demand program. In the simulation, operative data can be taken into account (for example, master data, sales orders, purchase orders, production orders). The simulation can be used to optimize the demand program and the production and procurement data with regard to material requirements planning, capacity planning, order volumes, purchasing budget, cost center planning and inventory controlling. n In long-term planning, independent planning areas can be set up which can subsequently be integrated into operative planning. Within these planning areas, separate simulation stock data is calculated and maintained which can be used to carry out planning in scenarios. An individual simulative planning area exists for each scenario in the system. Operative data can be copied to or referenced (taken into account) by one or more simulative planning areas. n Simulative planning can be carried out for the long or short term. There is no time restriction for the execution of long-term planning. The planning periods for the long-term planning and operative planning should be in agreement with each other so that business inconsistencies can be avoided.0.6n Long-term planning can be executed on the basis of operative master data: bill of materials, routings and material master records. This means you do not have to create any new operative data. n If you want to simulate situations that use differing master data, you can also create special master data for long-term planning:- You can create special long-term planning routings and run simulations with regard to lead time scheduling and capacity planning. For this, a routing selection ID that calls up this long-term routing must be maintained in Customizing. This selection ID is assigned to a scenario, that is a simulative planning area, in the Customizing IMG activity Define scheduling parameters for planned orders.- In addition, you can use special long-term planning BOMs. To do this, you define a special usage for long-term planning in the Customizing IMG activity Define BOM usages and define the allowed material types for the BOM header and BOM item for this usage. In the Customizing IMG activity Define order of priorities for BOM usages, you then maintain a BOM selection ID that calls up the long-term BOM. This selection ID is assigned to a simulative planning area when creating the scenario in the field BOM selection ID.n The tools available for long-term planning are used in the same way as are the tools in operative planning. Thus, very little additional training is required for these tools.0.7n When creating a planning scenario, you may set defaults for certain settings for the scenario by selecting one of the default setting choices on the Create Planning Scenario screen. Options include Long-term planning, Gross long-term planning and Short-term simulation. These defaults can be changed at any time. You can also copy the settings from another scenario.n If you have selected the indicator Gross long-tem planning, the system suggests control parameters with which you plan requirements quantities for cost evaluation and budgeting purposes without taking into account operative, available stocks, material-specific lot sizes or scrap.n In the planning scenario, settings and items you define include:- The plants for which the simulation is to be carried out,- Which planned independent requirements versions (active or inactive) are to be used in the simulation,- What opening balance (stock) the simulation is to assume (zero stock, safety stock, plant stock at the time of planning, average plant stock),- Whether to include firm receipts (purchase orders, production orders and reservations) in the net requirements calculation,- Whether dependent requirements for consumption-based materials, KANBAN materials and bulk materials are created,- Which version of the available capacity is used in the simulation. 0.8n You also set in the planning scenario:- Whether the system should work with direct production, that is, whether it should create a collective order for materials that are to be produced directly in the planning. When using direct production in long-term planning, only the header order can be changed and not the subordinate orders in the collective order. - Whether the long-term planning should be executed as gross requirements planning and whether the calculation of scrap in the long-term planning run is to be deactivated.- Whether long-term planning BOMs should be used. - Whether firm planned orders from operative MRP should be copied to the long-term planning (firm planned orders can be changed) and whether firm purchase requisitions for operative planning (these cannot be changed) should be taken into account in the simulative planning area.- Whether the planning time fence is also to be effective in long-term planning for materials that are affected by a planning time fence in MRP. - Whether sales orders are taken into account in long-term planning. (These cannot be changed from long-term planning.)- Whether make-to-order production or individual project planning is to be executed for the materials of the corresponding strategy. Make-to-order planning presupposes that sales orders with a requirements type for make-to-order planning are taken into account. If the indicator Make-to-order and project planning is not set, the sales orders with a make-to-order planning requirements type are ignored in the scenario. 0.9n Consumption-based materials are not planned in MRP because no dependent requirements are created for these materials. In consumption-based planning, materials are not replenished during the MRP run until stock falls below the reorder point or in forecast-based planning, until the forecasts for future consumption requirements are not covered.n In long-term planning, dependent requirements can be created for consumption-based materials, bulk material and KANBAN materials, that is, the material is planned in the scenario as though it were a material planned using MRP. You are thus provided with a preview of the procurement quantities that are necessary to satisfy the simulated independent requirements.0.10n Several planned independent requirements versions can be created for a material.n Planned independent requirements versions can be created using the following:- the sales and operations plan of a material or a product group,- the results of flexible planning from sales and operations planning,- forecasting,- planned independent requirements of other materials,- planned independent requirements versions of the same materials,- manually.n A planned independent requirements version can be set as active or inactive. Inactive versions are created for simulation purposes. Only active planned independent requirements versions are taken into account in operative planning. n If, according to the settings in the scenario, sales orders are included in the simulative planning area along with planned independent requirements, then MRP plans in the simulative planning area using the same logic as in operative planning.0.11n A planning scenario must be released before long-term MRP can be carried out. Once the planning scenario is released, planning file entries for all materials of the plants that are assigned to the planning scenario are created in the background. Each scenario thus has its own planning file entries for long-term planning. n Depending on the settings in the scenario, external requirements and fixed receipts are included in the long-term planning along with the assigned planned independent requirements. The indicator Include sales orders establishes that sales orders, scheduling agreements, contracts and deliveries are taken into account. The indicator Include firm receipts refers to the inclusion of production orders, purchase orders, schedule lines, reservations, transport releases and QM inspection lots. n Operative data that flows into long-term planning cannot be changed in the simulative planning area. Firm operative planned orders are the exception: The order headers for firmed planned orders (i.e., basic dates and order quantity) are copied to the simulative area, but the capacity requirements and dependent requirements are not copied in. You control the transfer of firm planned orders in the initial screen of the planning run.n Only simulative planned orders are created in long-term planning. It can be executed as total planning, single-item planning, single-item planning in simulative mode or using the planning table from repetitive manufacturing.n After evaluating and checking the simulative planning results, the planned independent requirements version can be activated in the planning scenario and, if necessary, can be given a new version number. Once activated, the planned independent requirements version is effective for operative planning. You can also transfer simulative planned orders from long-term planning to operative planning.0.12n The same functions for capacity planning are available in long-term planning as in material requirements planning.n Capacity planning can be called up from planned order processing, the planning result of single-item planning or from the stock/requirements list.n In the capacity check of the stock/requirements list, the available capacity, the total capacity requirements independent of materials and the capacity requirements of this material are displayed in periods for each work center and capacity category. Overload situations are highlighted using colors. The overload function calculates the maximum load for each work center and capacity category and the overload is highlighted using a different color. n A planning run with the scheduling indicator 2 lead time scheduling and capacity planning is a prerequisite for the capacity check. Results that were created by a planning run with the scheduling indicator 1 Basic dates will be determined for planned orders cannot be analyzed using capacity planning.0.13n Capacity data can be calculated on different levels:- in the operative MRP at detailed scheduling level,- in the long-term planning at detailed scheduling level, whereby the data is separate for each scenario,- in the sales and operations planning at rough-cut planning level.n The capacity evaluations for operative MRP and long-term planning are executed separately. The only capacity requirements from the operative environment that can be taken into account in the long-term planning are those that arise from the production orders which are taken into into the long-term planning scenario. Firmed planned orders taken into the scenario are copied without their routing and scheduling information; these are re-determined and re-calculated in the long-term planning MRP run if the scheduling is set to ”lead time scheduling and capacity planning“.0.14n In order to compare the results of simulative planning with results of operative planning, you can call up a comparison function from all evaluations. The operative planning of a material can be directly compared with the result of long-term planning of a particular planning scenario. Scenarios can also be compared with one another.n The data for external procurement can be transferred to the purchasing information system using a special report and evaluated there. In addition, standard analyses for materials, vendors and material groups can also be created directly from long-term planning and evaluated.n Future stock is derived from the predefined requirements and future receipts. The data determined for the requirements/stock situation by long-term planning can be transferred to Inventory Controlling and can be evaluated there using standard analyses.n The data determined in long-term planning for the activity requirements is passed onto the Cost Center Accounting as planning data. This allows you to determine the production costs for each cost center and the products. The activity requirements that are determined in long-term planning can be passed onto Cost Center Accounting using an individual report after completion of long-term planning. The planning data of the cost centers is updated whereby the requirements activity is determined from the routing data. Cost Center Accounting displays how many activities the production has planned.0.15n The operative demand program results from the total of all active planned independent requirement versions.n A planned independent requirements version can be activated in two different ways: 1. By setting the active indicator of the planned independent requirements version: as the operative planning is the total of all active planned independent requirements versions, this procedure is the equivalent of an addition to the plan up to now.2. By activation in the scenario: the source planned independent requirements version is copied to a target planned independent requirements version. During the activation, if an already active version has been selected as the destination version for the transfer and the periods overlap in which the source and destination versions of planned independent requirements exist, the independent requirements of the destination version in the overlapping periods are overwritten by the independent requirements of the source version.0.16n Firmed planned orders from operative MRP can be copied to the simulative planning area. Only the planned order headers are copied during the copying process. Changes to components of planned orders that have been made in operative planning, are not copied. With simulative planning, the planned order components are created again according to the BOM selected in the simulative planning run.n The firmed planned orders are copied per material by the simulative planning run in the simulative planning area. During this process, all firmed planned orders are selected for each material of a BOM structure and are adopted (copied to the simulative planning area). These are also firmed in long-term planning but can be changed manually there. n The order finish date of the planned order that was selected and copied last is saved as the temporary end of the copying period for each material. The copying period is determined by the firmed operative planned order that is furthest in the future.n When copying a firmed planned order from operative planning, all firmed and unfirmed simulative planned orders in the simulative planning area whose order finish dates are within the copying period are deleted. 0.17n After the simulation, firmed simulative planned orders of a simulative planning area can be adopted to the operative planning (copied to the operative planning area). In the operative area, you can create purchase requisitions or schedule lines for materials procured externally.n This type of copying is carried out for a material in the transaction interactive single-item planning of operative MRP. In the following screen of the planning result, the copying function is started using the function Edit - - Copy simulative planned orders. You explicitly define the start and finish of the copying period for this process.n All firmed planned orders whose order finish dates are within the selected period are copied from the simulative planning area to the operative planning area. In the operative planning area, all firmed and unfirmed planned orders, whose order finish date falls in the copying period, are deleted, so that only the copied planned orders in the operative planning remain in this period.n If operative planned orders were converted into production orders before the transfer, the production orders still remain after the transfer of the planning results and the copied firm planned orders are added to them which would therefore result in doubling the replenishment. You can avoid unnecessary double procurement, if you convert into production orders before the start of the simulative planning and have set in the planning scenario that all firmed receipts are taken into account in the long-term planning. 0.18n After the simulation, firmed simulative planned orders of a simulative planning area can be adopted to the operative planning. For materials procured externally during the transfer into the operative area, you can create firmed purchase requisitions or firmed schedule lines for simulative planned orders of the order type NB. n To do this, you enter the respective creation indicator in the initial screen of interactive single-item planning in the MRP menu in the fields Create purchase requisition and Schedule lines (purchase requisitions or schedule lines, schedule lines in the opening period or purchase requisitions in the opening period). n The creation of schedule lines presupposes that the scheduling agreement item is already entered in the firmed simulative planned order before the t