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初中英语基础知识精讲与练习更新时间:2006-7-5By Zhang Yunwang第一讲 语音中考语音的考查重点为: 1.a,e,i,o,u五个元音字母的发音: 2.以-ed结尾的单词的词尾正确读音; 3.以-s,-es结尾的单词的词尾正确读音; 4.常见字母组合的读音;(字母组合包括:元音字母组合和辅音字母组合)。 5.不符合读音规则的常用词的读音。 一.注意元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音,非重读音节中的读音及特例情况: 开音节有两种: 一种是在重读音节中元音字母之后没有辅音字母,叫绝对开音节。 如:go no me paper 另一种是在元音字母之后有一个辅音字母(r除外),而后面又跟上一个不发音的元音字母e,叫相对开音节。 如:home name face 在重读开音节中,元音字母一律读它的字母音,即长音。 以一个或几个辅音字母结尾(r除外),而中间只有一个元音字母的音节叫闭音节。在重读闭音节中,元音字母一律读它的短音。 元音字母在重读音节中的一般读音规则表 a e i o u 重读开音节 /ei/ /i:/ /ai/ /u / /ju:/ /u:/ 重读闭音节/ e/ /e/ /i/ / / / / /u/ 1.字母a 发/ e / any many anything 发/ / 字母a在/w/后常发短音/ /,如wash,what,want。但water一词中,a发长音/ :/。 发/ei/ danger strange change 发/a:/ class cant father after 96中考语音题 A.black B.fat C.change D.stand 98中考语音题 A.candle B.panda C.danger D.apple 2.字母e 发/i/ England English relay这个单词,/ri:/这个音节是重读开音节,所以e发/i:/应属规则情况。 另外 ever even eve 这三个单词中e的发音ever even eve /e/ /i:/ /i:/ 3.字母i 发/i:/ policeman machine4.字母o 发/u/ woman /i/ women/ /come son love does mother即o在m,n,v,th前发/ / 97中考题 A.alone B.whole C.love D.motor 98中考题 A.luck B.jump C.rush D.business 5.字母u 发/i/ busy 不发音 build (built) 练习题:1.A.cover B.month C.drop D.monkey2.A.life B.film C.children D.strict3.A.hurry B.duck C.subject D.pull4.A.cage B.travel C.lazy D.hate5.A.hundred B.empty C.medicine D.sentence6.A.long B.doll C.so D.shop7.A.ride B.fridge C.twice D.smile8.A.useful B.pupil C.lucky D.duty9.A.capital B.travel C.jacket D.angry10.A.neck B.several C.invent D.eve 二、以-ed结尾的单词的词尾正确读音( 顺口溜来记忆) 清辅音后读作/ t / (eg.looked hoped) 浊、元音后读作/ d / (eg.cleaned answered) t,d之后加ed, ed读/ id /(eg.started decided) 98中考题 1.A.climbed B.pushed C.joined D.pulled 96中考题 2.A.rushed B.loved C.opened D.stayed 三、以-s,-es结尾的单词的词尾正确读音 顺口溜: 清辅音后读作/s/ (eg.maps cakes)浊、元音后读作/z / (eg.bananas dogs) 五音之后读/ iz /(五音指 s,x/s/、s/z/、sh/ /、ch/ t/、ge/d/) eg.classes boxes bridges washes mouth/mau /嘴巴,加了s后读mouths/mauz/ house/haus/房子,加了s后读houses/hauziz/请区别:month/mn/月份,加了s后读months/mnz/ 习题: 1.A.books B.maps C.sistersD.helps 2.A.desks B.dogsC.holes D.mouths 3.A.draws B.knives C.ways D.lakes 4.A.smileB.ice C.still D.library 5.A.drop B.jokeC.photo D.hold 6.A.justB.hungry C.uncleD.sugar 7.A.chipsB.rulers C.pencils D.brothers 8.A.stoppedB.waited C.hoped D.looked思考题 1.A.jacketB.angry C.gladD.strange 2.A.afraid B.answer C.aboutD.ago 3.A.evenB.stepC.everD.member 4.A.centreB.next C.medicineD.metre 5.A.win B.wifeC.shineD.polite 字母组合的发音1.字母组合al发/ :l/和/ :/这两种音时,同学们较难掌握,易混淆。我们可以把初中所学词汇加以归纳。字母组合al发 / :l/这个音,共有五个单词:always(总是),almost(几乎), also(也), salt(盐), already(已经)。2.97中考语音题:A.salt B.ball C.chalk D.fall(C) 2.字母组合ai一般发/ei/音,如straight /ei/,但said这个词较特殊,这个单词中ai为/e/音, 请记住:say said says /ei/ /e/ /e/ai发/i/音的单词:Britain, mountain3.字母组合er发长音/:/和短音/两种情况时,同学也不易掌握,我们可以归纳其方法为:在重读音节中er常发长音/ : /, 在弱读音节中则发短音/ /eg:A.father B.person C.prefer D.thermos 4.字母组合ea发/i: /和/e /两种音时,同学们易搞错。 在real, really,idea三个单词中ea发/i: /这个音。5.字母组合oo的发音。 字母组合oo发短音/u/的单词有:classroom, bedroom, good, stood(understood), wood, wool, took, book, look, cook. 我们可记忆为:教室、卧室、好、脚、站在木毛上,遇到老K发短音,我们只须把它作为口诀来背诵。 另外,同学们特别要注意room和classroom中字母组合oo的发音的区别,我们可以记忆为长词发短音,即classroom; /u/, 短词发长音room. /u:/ 98中考题 (1)A.chooseB.coolC.noodle D.goodbye(2)A.coolB.moonC.foodD.cook 6.字母组合or发/ :/和/ : /两种音时,也是同学的薄弱处。 我们须记忆:/ :/ worse, worst, work(worker,workplace), word, world 其它如horse,nor,corn为/ :/音。 or发短音/ /的单词中,forget,也是同学不易掌握的,所以要特别加以记忆。 eg. (1)A.worseB.horseC.norD.corn (2)A.porkB.forC.workD.worn7.字母组合ou常发/au/ loud,count,house / / double,trouble,country,enough.在ght前发/ :/ fought,thought,bought.少数情况发/u/could,would,should特例:southsouthern /au/ / / 8.字母组合tion有两种发音/tn/,/ n/同学易搞错, 一个单词的tion发/t n/,其余均为/ n/, 其实,我们只须掌握一点,在中考词汇内,我们只学过question. 97中考模拟题: A. station B. invention C. question D.dictionary 9.字母组合ng发/ /和/ g/两种音时,同学不易掌握。 请记忆:hungryangryEnglishfinger / g / g / g / g / 请比较:singsinger / / / / 字母n可发/n/和/ /两种音的情况,同学亦不易掌握。一般来说,n发/n/音,但ng常发/ /,n后面的发音若为/k/ 、/ g/,这时,n的发音也是/ /,如:think,thank。同学最易搞错的是:orange这个词,这个词n后的发音为g发/ d /,故n发/n/. 10.特别注意下列单词划线部分的读音: Australiaeighthnewsnewspaper / s/ /t / /z/s/ sandwichforestheartshallfrontgone /d3 / /i/ a:/ e / / / 11.下列单词中划线字母不发音,请掌握: hour climb build grandma Christmas know listen 练习题: (一) 1.A.paidB.saidC.afraidD.rain 2.A.breakB.breakfast C.bread D.dead 3.A.talk B.walkC.chalk D.salt 4.A.speak B.real C.seat D.easy 5.A.start B.warmC.harvest D.pardon 6.A.touchB.round C.loud D.shout 7.A.enough B.laughC.daughterD.enough 8.A.eighthB.both C.thoughtD.through 9.A.chooseB.cool C.toothD.cook 10.A.hearB.near C.earlyD.dear 11.A.while B.whom C.when D.white 12.A.lieB.die C.quiet D.tie 13.A.catchB.chalkC.ChristmasD.each (二) 1.A.changeB.examC.famousD.strange 2.A.elevenB.retellC.eveD.relay 3.A.mirrorB.historyC.bridgeD.beautiful 4.A.smokeB.choseC.noneD.motor 5.A.pushB.luckC.sugarD.pull 6.A.horse B.orderC.cornerD.worse 7.A.seasonB.featherC.pleasureD.instead 8.A.soundB.mountainC.countryD.shout 9.A.chooseB.footballC.noodle D.school 10.A.savedB.rushedC.kickedD.danced 二、利用发音巧记单词 英语单词虽然不是拼音成词,但绝大部分的词的拼写是有规律可循的,基本上是音形结合的。所以,熟练地掌握了拼读规则后,我们就能利用读音写单词。five,i在开音节中发/ai/,在闭音节中发/i/,在熟记拼读规则的同时,也一定要记住各条规则的例外,如give/giv/等词。 把读音规律和拼写结合起来记词,就不必完全靠死记硬背了。我们在读单词时,都是一个音节一个音节地读出来的。如:study,书写的标准音节为stud-y,读音时,可按stu-dy来读,来记。第二讲 词汇这一讲里,主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法,特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。 一、名词 关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。 单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a 可数名词 名词的数 复数 不可数名词 1.复数的构成方法:(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如: classes,boxes, watches, dishes。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es, 如:country-countries。 请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。 如:monkey-monkeys。 (4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es, 如:knife-knives。 2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep-sheep,fish-fish Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth-teeth,foot-feeth (2)man-men,womanwomen,policeman-policemen,Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)-Germans(3)childchildren 4.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。 如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理) No news is good news. 6.可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。 How many knives are there in your pencil-box?(knife) 不可数名词: 1.常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,fish,meat,等(物质名词)。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood. 2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。 如:Some bread is over there.(be) 3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。 4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。 即:two pieces of bread请区别:可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples 例: 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be) 2、Could I have three ,please? A.piece of bread B.B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads (C) 名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加“ s”。如:TomToms译为“的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ”即可。如:Teachers Day , two weeks holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加s 。如:Childrens Day 关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点: 1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如:my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。 2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加s 如:Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的 3.掌握词组:a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 eg;The white shirt is_and blue one is_. A、Kate,my B.Kates,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kates,my (B) 二、冠词 江苏省九年义务教育调整方案中,冠词为不作知识点考查的一项,但是,冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简单的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,99中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the 2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前, 如:an hour,an English car. 请区别:a useful machine 3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the .4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如:the sun,the moon,the earth. 5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。 如:the first,the best ,in the south 6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示一家人,常看成复数。 如:The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair 8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面: (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:in summer,in August 请区别:in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指,故加the) (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如:have breakfast ,play football (3)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别: in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 Theres _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital. A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the (C) 三、数词 同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查,中考常采用单选题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为: 1,2,3特殊记,加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth) 8少t,9去e,千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12,ve变f (fifth,twelfth) 20到90,y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几,前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first) 2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如:five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s,构成复数形式。 hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的 millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。 3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。 Eg:Henry has learned eight French words this year. A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of The lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. 另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。 顺读法(钟点分钟) 如:4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如:4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five 练习题 1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century,the worlds population was about 1700 million. 2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes. 3.You dont look well.Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once. 4.Would you give me_,please? A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers 5.There are three_and seven_in the picture. A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps 6.A lot of_are talking with two_. A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen 7.June 1 is _. A.the Childrens Day B.the Childrens Day C.Childrens Day D.Childrens Day 思考题 1._people went out to see what had happened. A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands 2.We have been in the school for_. A.three and a half month B.three and a half monthsC.three month and a half D.three months and half 3._English is_useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, / 四、代词 (一)人称代词主格Iyouhesheit weyouthey宾格meyouhimherit usyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhisher itsouryour their名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself ourselvesyourselvesthemselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词。 2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。 如:These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room) 3.of+名词性物主代词表示所属如:a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为:“第二人称,第三人称,第一人称”。如:You, she and I all enjoy the music. 5.关于反身代词,同学们须掌握其固定结构:enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝些)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学) 练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think. A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them 2. Nobody taught_English. He taught_. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his (二) 修饰可数词 manyfew 表否定意义(几乎没有) a few 表肯定意义(有一点)修饰不数名词muchlittle 表否定意义(几乎没有)a little 表肯定意义(有一点) few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时,常加不定冠词 a. 如:There are quite a few new books in the library. 用little, a little, few, a few填空: 1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here. 2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass. 3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well. 4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday. (三)不定代词: something, anything, nothing. 当形容词修饰这三个不定代词x-thing时,常后置。 如:something new Theres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题 A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important (D) (四)另外,关于代词some, every, all, both, either, another: 1.some(一些,某) 一般用于肯定句中。 注:some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中,希望得到肯定回答。 any(任何) 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples? 2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性,作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常与of连用。 如:Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. 3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系、助动词之后,行为动词之前。 none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of 如: We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(单、复数均可) 4.both “(两者)都” ,作主语时,看作复数;作定语时,后跟名词复数。 either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时,后跟名词单数。 neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,用法同either。 如:They both swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week. Neither answer is right. 5. another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个,另一个” the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物” (指确定范围内剩下的全部) others “别人” (五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which 这里,which是同学们不易掌握的内容,其实,同学们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用which. Im going to take the skirt on the right. (提问97中考题) _ _ are you going to take? (Which skirt) 五、形容词 副词 大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级: 原级: 比较级: 比较.,更.一些 最高级: 最. (A)1.构成:(规则情况)情 况变 化 方 法例词单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er, estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾加r, st nice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest 以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, estearly-earlier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly 2.不规则变化,须熟记: good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least (B)常见的使用情况 1.as as 和一样(中间用原级) 2.not as(so) as 和不一样(中间用原级) 3 than 比(用比较级) 4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的 eg.Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比较级,the+比较级 越就越eg:The more, the better. 越多越好 (C)注意点: 1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。 3.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. (D)掌握三种同义句转换: 1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class. 2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isnt as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. 96中考题: Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and (A) 此外,关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握: 1.形容词修饰名词作定语,跟在连系动词之后作表语。 2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 enough属例外词:形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg;she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。 3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也too用于肯定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either 用于否定句 已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句 (还) 不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲 no (not any) more 从动作上讲 如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big 单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语 eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing _ happy _ over there. (happy) 练习题 1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill. A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other 2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper. A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No,Mum

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