2012年10月14日托福考试阅读解析.pdf

托福考试网 TOPIC 宇宙认知 版本一 说的是对宇宙的认知问题 文章开始讲了两个人们在研究宇宙问题时候遇到的两个问 题 第一是你只能定位 却不能明白他们到底有多远 例子是你看天空时候 你只看到物体 在天上的某个位置不懂离你多远 第二个问题是 你不知道星系物体间的相对距离 因为观测的结果是由人们收集到到星 体亮度和星体离地球的距离决定的 第二段提到哈勃望远镜 人们受制于观测设备的限制不能更多的理解外太空的星球 有一种 PARALLAX 什么的方法可以解决这个问题 之后用左右手在眼前距离的变化 解 释了 PARALLAX 的工作原理 观测点会影响视觉的效果 根据这个原理开发出了这种技术 可以帮助太空工作人员了解宇宙结构 但是这种结构仅适用于地球附近的这样一个范围 太 远了这个技术就用不着了 最后作者认为随着观测设备的进步人类一定可以更好地探索宇宙的结构 版本二 讲的是测量行星的 distance 尤其是在 galaxy 里面的行星是很难观测的 一开始是说用肉眼看到的行星可能你感觉一样亮 但其实他们的 distance 是 different 的 这里有一道考题 答案就是 distance different 然后说道望远镜可以观 测行星 such as 哈勃望远镜 有问题问为什么提到哈勃望远镜 但是有一个问题是 用望 远镜观测只能观测到 brightness 我觉得意思就是说观测的时候只能看到行星反射太阳光的 一面 这种 bright 有的强 有的很弱 有的甚至很难看出强弱的关系 所以很难确定行星 的 distance 然后文中举了一个例子 我记得非常清楚 在这里详细阐述 这个例子就是 源于大家生活中的常识 当你把手指放在两眼之间 你变换左右眼去看它 会发现它移动了 位置 手指距离你越近这个移动的位置变化越大越明显 因为我当时考的时候自己还试了一 下 但是如果手指离你很远 这个位置变化就不是很明显了 考题 这个例子说明了啥 大 致是这个意思 然后说 这个方法 就是刚刚说的手指的距离 可以通过测量这个距离来测 量行星离地球的 distance 其实行星也是这样 当行星的 distance 超过了这个距离的时候 这个偏差就非常小 很难观测出来 有考题 答案就是 above 这个某个距离的时候难观测 Parallax Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi angle of inclination between those two lines i The term is derived from the Greek parallaxis meaning alteration Nearby objects have a larger 托福考试网 parallax than more distant objects when observed from different positions so parallax can be used to determine distances Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon the Sun and to stars beyond the Solar System For example the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100 000 nearby stars This provides a basis for other distance measurements in astronomy the cosmic distance ladder Here the term parallax is the angle or semi angle of inclination between two sight lines to the star Parallax also affects optical instruments such as binoculars microscopes and twin lens reflex cameras that view objects from slightly different angles Many animals including humans have two eyes with overlapping visual fields that use parallax to gain depth perception this process is known as stereopsis In computer vision the effect is used for computer stereo vision and there is a device called a parallax rangefinder that uses it to find range and in some variations also altitude to a target A simple everyday example of parallax can be seen in the dashboard of motor vehicles that use a needle style speedometer gauge When viewed from directly in front the speed may show exactly 60 but when viewed from the passenger seat the needle may appear to show a slightly different speed due to the angle of viewing TOPIC 英国工业化对 LANDSCAPE 的影响 版本一 一开始讲了工业化的发展过程 之前农业占主要地位 后来工业慢慢赶上 然后说了英国和欧洲的工业萌芽过程 对比英国中产阶级 考点 为什么能更早的实现工 业化 工业化的过程导致了 CANAL 的出现 这个就很大程度改变了英国的 LANDSCAPE 之后说 了这个 CANAL 主要集中在工业发达地区 并且改变了当地人的生活方式 工业带来人口集中提高了房价 然后随着铁路的出现 人们的生活又反正了变化 后面有提到交通使人们的建筑材料的 使用也发生了变化 因为可以用从很远的地方发来的材料来用 这影响了本地的材料市场 也改变了人们的生活 有 2 个题目这个段落 版本二 讲英国工业化的 其中有一道题我记得很清楚 问欧洲其他国家和英国的 merchants 有神马区别 意思应该是说城里的 merchants 到 rural area 去发展 industrialization 托福考试网 为什么英国的发展的好 是因为英国的商人 access land property in rural area 英 国的工业化是集中在某些个村子或者 area 里的 这是一道题的答案 后面讲 canal system 说一个人 是个工程师 问题 问关于这个人 except 哪个 其他都 true 答案就是说这个 人既是工程师优势 builder 因为我仔细找了下文中没有说他是 builder canal system 就 是水道 new work 先发展 后来发展了 railway 就把建筑材料带来了 所以一种建筑材料 local 的 就淘汰了 有题 TOPIC 爱琴海文明的黑暗时期 版本一 就说了希腊文明经历过一段黑暗的时期 整个文章大体说的就是这个时期发生衰退 经 济怎么衰退了 和别的地方的贸易没有了 人口减少了等等问题 之后有提到在某个工艺品的制造水平上却提高了 这附近有细节题问这个工艺品它和以 前有什么提高 版本二 Dark Greek 就是讲希腊的黑暗期 有一段时间大概是 1000 多到 900 多 BC 的时候 希 腊的经济很萧条 表现为 中央集权化不厉害了 军队不厉害了 最重要的是人口流失 很 多人口流失到别的地区里 题目 问哪个不对 答案 有具体地名 A 的一个选项 选择原因 好像因为答案的意思是 A 是希腊的一部分 其实它不是虽然希腊的很多东西衰退 但有些希 腊的地区仍然保持和原来一样的水平 有题 有些地方甚至有很多 new inventions 之后提 到了制作陶器的 technology 以下顺序为原文中意思顺序 发明了一个 wheel 使得陶器制 作如何 以前的陶器是画 line 和 circle 用工具还是不用工具 记不得了 后面说 instead of hand free 然后这个就是一道题的选项后来的陶器可能是 glaze 技术改良了吧 不太记 得了 这地方题很多 The Greek Dark Age ii The Greek Dark Age or Ages and Geometric or Homeric Age ca 1200 BC 800 BC are terms which have regularly been used to refer to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean Palatial civilization around 1200 BC to the first signs of the Greek poleis in the 9th century BC These terms are gradually going out of use since the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions thus dark has been shown to be an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history iii The archaeological evidence shows a widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned Around this time the Hittite civilization suffered serious disruption and cities from Troy to Gaza were destroyed Following the collapse fewer and smaller settlements suggest famine and depopulation In Greece the Linear B writing of the Greek language used 托福考试网 by Mycenaean bureaucrats ceased The decoration on Greek pottery after ca 1100 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler generally geometric styles 1000 700 BC It was previously thought that all contact was lost between mainland Hellenes and foreign powers during this period yielding little cultural progress or growth however artifacts from excavations at Lefkandi on the Lelantine Plain in Euboea show that significant cultural and trade links with the east particularly the Levant coast developed from c 900 BC onwards and evidence has emerged of the new presence of Hellenes in sub Mycenaean Cyprus and on the Syrian coast at Al Mina Dark Age Culture iv With the collapse of the palatial centres no more monumental stone buildings were built and the practice of wall painting may have ceased writing in the Linear B script ceased vital trade links were lost and towns and villages were abandoned The population of Greece was reduced v and the world of organized state armies kings officials and redistributive systems disappeared Most of the information about the period comes from burial sites and the grave goods contained within them To what extent the earliest Greek literary sources Homeric epics 8th 7th century and Hesiod s Works and Days 7th century describe life in the 9th 8th centuries remains a matter of considerable debate The fragmented localized and autonomous cultures of reduced complexity are noted for such diversity of their material cultures in pottery styles conservative in Athens eclectic at Knossos burial practices and settlement structures that generalizations about a Dark Age society are misleading vi Tholos tombs are found in early Iron Age Thessaly and in Crete but not in general elsewhere and cremation is the dominant rite in Attica but nearby in the Argolid it was inhumation Some former sites of Mycenaean palaces such as Argos or Knossos continued to be occupied other sites experiencing an expansive boom time of a generation or two before they were abandoned James Whitley has associated with the Big man social organization based on personal charisma and inherently unstable he interprets Lefkandi in this light vii Some regions in Greece such as Attica Euboea and central Crete recovered economically from these events faster than others but life for the poorest Greeks would have remained relatively unchanged as it had done for centuries There was still farming weaving metalworking and potting in this time albeit at a lower level of output and for local use in local styles Some technical innovations were introduced around 1050 BC with the start of the Proto geometric style 1050 900 BC such as the superior pottery technology which resulted in a faster potter s wheel for superior vase shapes and the use of a compass to draw perfect circles and semicircles for decoration Better glazes were achieved by higher temperature firing of clay However the overall trend was toward simpler less intricate pieces and 托福考试网 fewer resources being devoted to the creation of beautiful art During this time the smelting of iron was learnt from Cyprus and the Levant exploited and improved upon using local deposits of iron ore previously ignored by the Mycenaeans edged weapons were now within reach of less elite warriors Though the universal use of iron was one shared feature among Dark Age settlements viii it is still uncertain when the forged iron weapons and armour achieved superior strength to those that had been previously cast and hammered from bronze From 1050 BC many small local iron industries appeared and by 900 almost all weapons in grave goods were made of iron The distribution of the Ionic Greek dialect in historic times indicates early movement from the mainland of Greece to the Anatolian coast to such sites as Miletus Ephesus andColophon perhapsasearlyas1000BC thoughthe contemporaneous evidence is scanty In Cyprus some archaeological sites begin to show identifiably Greek ceramics a colony of Euboean Greeks was established at Al Mina on the Syrian coast and a reviving Aegean Greek network of exchange can be detected from 10th century Attic Proto geometic pottery found in Crete and at Samos off the coast of Asia Minor ix i Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1968 Mutual inclination of two lines meeting in an angle ii http en wikipedia