Lesson 10 A More perfect Union (II) 演示文稿.ppt

Lesson10 AMorePerfectUnion PartII Paraphrase1Understandingthisrealityrequiresareminderofhowwearriveatthispoint Para 27 InthepreviousparagraphObamasaidthatWright scommentsandthesubsequentfirestormreflectedthecomplexitiesofraceinthiscountry Inordertounderstandthesecomplexities weneedtoknowthehistoryanddevelopmentofracialrelations thesufferingsandinjusticestheblacksweresubjectedto 要认识这一现实 需要回顾一下我们是如何陷入今天之困境的 reminder athingtohelponeremembersomethingelsehowwearriveatthispoint howtheracialrelationshavedevelopedtothecurrentstage 2 Paraphrase2 Thepastisn tdeadandburied Infact itisn tevenpast Para 27 1 Thefirst past isanounmeaning whathashappened Thesecondisanadjective meaning ended over iTheinfluenceofwhathappenedinprevioustimeshasnotdisappeared Suchinfluencescanstillbeseen 3 recite totellindetail toenumerate 4 somanyofthedisparities andJimCrow Eara 27 TheinequalitiesanddifferencesyoufindintheAfrican Americancommunitiestodaycamedirectlyfromblacksofanoldergenerationwhowerethevictimsofracialdiscrimination1 disparities differences inequalities2 traceto togoback tosomethingpast 3 thebrutallegacy transferredepithet alegacycan tbebrutal whatisbrutalisthepracticesofslaveowners theslaverysystem JimCrow intheU S unfairtreatmentofblackpeople especiallyinthepastbytheuseoflawsthatpreventedthemfromgoingtothesameschoolsandpublicplaceaswhitepeoplepervasive tendingtowidelyexistpervasiveinfluenceachievementgap performancedisparityinstudyperversive perverseideologies变态的意识形态 TheJimCrowlawsindetailsTheywereracialsegregationlawsenactedaftertheReconstructionperiodinSouthernUnitedStates atstateandlocallevels andwhichcontinuedinforceuntil1965 whichmandated ordained authorized racialsegregationinallpublicfacilities JimCrowlawsmandatedthesegregationofpublicschools publicplacesandpublictransportation andthesegregationofrestrooms restaurantsanddrinkingfountainsforwhitesandblacks TheU S militarywasalsosegregated aswerefederalworkplaces initiatedin1913underPresidentWoodrowWilson thefirstSouthernpresidentsince1856 Hisadministrationpracticedovertracialdiscriminationinhiring requiringcandidatestosubmitphotos State sponsoredschoolsegregationwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesin1954inBrownv BoardofEducation Generally theremainingJimCrowlawswereoverruledbytheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965 5 Segregatedschoolswere andare inferiorschools betweentodaysblackandwhitestudents Para 28 Thisisaone sentenceparagraphdescribingtheexistenceofschoolsegregationfiftyyearsafterWarren sCourtdecisiontomakesegregationunconstitutional andpointingoutthatinferioreducationinsegregatedschoolsisthecauseofthepoorperformanceofsomeblackstudents 1 Brownv BoardofEducationIn1952 theSupremeCourtunderChiefJusticeEarlWarrendecidedtohearaschoolcaseinvolvingasuitbyReverendOliverBrownagainsttheschoolboardinTopeka Kansas Becauseofthesegregationsystem Brown sdaughterwasforcedtotravelmorethantwomilestoschool eventhoughherhomewasonlyfiveblocksfromanall whitegradeschool OnMay17 1954 thecourtreadouttheopinion Wecomethentothequestionpresented doessegregation deprivethechildrenoftheminoritygroupofeducationaopportunities Webelievethatitdoes 6 Legalizeddiscrimination tobequeathtofuturegenerations Para 29 1 legalizeddiscrimination discriminatorypracticesthatareprotectedbylaw 2 WhatlegalizeddiscriminationdidtheAfricanAmericanssuffer Theywerenotallowedtohavehousinginsomewhiteareas businessloansorFHA FederalHousingAdministration insuredloansweredeniedonconsiderationofrace andunionsandcertainprofessionswerenotopentoblacks 3 couldnotamassanymeaningfulwealth couldnotputasideoraccumulatesignificantamountsofmoneyorproperty orenoughmoneyorproperty 4 bequeathtofuturegenerations topassontochildrenorgrandchildren Translation1法律上认可的歧视 譬如说禁止黑人拥有财产 有时甚至通过暴力手段达到此种目的 或是不给非裔美国人的企业主放贷 不让黑人购房者取得联邦住房管理局的抵押贷款保险 把黑人排除在工会 警察队伍或者消防部门之外 这意味着黑人家庭难以积累家产以传给后代 7 Thathistoryhelpsexplainthewealthandincomegapbetweenblacksandwhites Para 29 TheexistenceofsomanypoorAfricanAmericansandthelowpaytheygetcomparedwiththewhitesispartlyduetotheexistenceoflegalizeddiscrimination munities I Para 29 Thisisalsothereasonyoufindpeopleofextremepovertycrowdedintosmallareasorslums incitiesandruralareas 1 pocket asmallareaofaspecifiedtype2 persist tocontinuetoexistorprevail 9 Alackofeconomicopportunity mayhaveworsened Para 30 Blackmennotbeingabletofindagoodjobandfeelingashamedofnotbeingabletosupportafamily wasoneofthereasonsforthebreakingupoffamilies Andthebenefitforasingle parentfamilyhasmadethesituationevenworse 1 Onceagaintheimpersonalstructureisusedtolessenthepressureonblackmen Obamadidnotmeantocriticizetheseblackmen Hewasonlyrelatingafact 2 erode tocausetodeteriorateorvanish contributedtotheerosionofblackfamilies theuseof contribute and erosion softensthebluntnessofthestatement inawayitresultedinbringingaboutthebreakingupofblackfamilies erosion gradualdestructioncontributetosth doingsthhelpdoresultin leadto giverisetoaccountforberesponsiblefor 4 Howcouldwelfarepoliciesworsenthedeteriorationofrelationsinblackfamilies Maybethewelfaresupportofsingle parentfamiliesmakesablackmanthinkifhedesertsthefamily thefamilywithouthimcouldstillliveon orevenlivebetter 10 Andthelackofbasicservices thatcontinuestohauntus Para 30 1 walkthebeat towalkalongafixedrouteonaroundofduty patrol petrol 2 buildingcode asetofrulesorregulationsconcerningconstructionofhouses3 blight destructionorfrustrationofhopeorambition破败 颓丧4 acycleofviolence blightandneglect Indifferencetothemiserableconditionsinurbanblackcommunitiesleadstofrustrationandlossofhopewhichinturncausesviolence oneleadingtotheotherandgoingroundandround viciousspiral viciouscircle恶性循环 Translation2 Andthelackofbasicservices thatcontinuestohauntus Para 30 无数的黑人社区缺乏基本服务设施 没有公园让孩子们玩 没有警察巡逻 没有定期的垃圾收集 不执行建筑规范 所有这些造成了暴力 破败和无人监管的恶性循环 至今仍让我们提心吊胆 11 Theycameofage systematicallyconstricted Para 31 1 comeofage toreachtheagewhenonehasfulllegalrights growupoftenusedfigurativelyforanyarrivalatmaturity one sprime etc 2 constrict tolimit restrict tomakesmallerornarrowerthroughbinding squeezingorshrinking3 Theygrewupandbecamematureinthelate1950sandearly1950swhenracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationwerestillstrongandwidespread andopportunitywasmostlydeniedtoblackyouth Theygrewupinsuchanatmospherewhichcontributedtotheformingoftheirviewstowardthecountryandthesociety 12 What sremarkable whowouldcomeafterthem Para 31 Obamaherecleverlyturnedroundhisargumentandgavethestatementpositivenote The not butrather structuresucceedsinturningroundtheargument1 Whatwassoremarkableaboutthesituation Itwasthatmanyyoungblackmenandwomen facingsuchstrongsegregationanddiscrimination werenotdiscouragedordisheartened Theystruggledandsurmounteddifficultiesandbecamesuccessful Theywalkedapathoutofthewilderness 2 the odds difficultiesorconditionsthatmakesuccessunlikely adversity掣肘 chezhou 的事情 逆境 厄运3 tomakeawayoutofnoway MartinLutherKingJr inthespeech WhereDoWeGofromHere deliveredon16August 1967 1Atlanta Georgiahadthis letusrememberthatthereis apowerthatisabletomakeawayoutofnowayandtransformdarkyesterdaysintobrighttomorrows TheconceptisabiblicalconceptandObamaisusingthisconcepttoappealtothosewhowerelistening 13 Butforallthose inonewayoranother bydiscrimination Para 32 1 scratchedandclawed dugwithone snailsandclaws struggledhard2 makeit tosucceedinaparticularactivityParaphrase3Despiteallthosewhoworkedorstruggledveryhardtoclimbthesocialladder manydidnotsucceed Theyweredefeatedinlife sstruggle asaresultofracialdiscrimination 14 Thatlegacyofdefeat withouthopeorprojectsforthefuture Para 32 Thefactofdefeatandthecauseofdefeatmadetheyoungergenerationsfeeltheyweredoomed nomatterhowhardtheyworked theycouldnotmoveaheadeconomicallyorsocially Thefateoftheirelderswasconvincingenough Thiscouldbeseeninunemployedmenandwomenonthestreetorcriminalsinprison 1 increasinglyyoungwomen moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife towardsociety 1 increasinglyyoungwomen moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife towardsociety2 languish toliveunderdistressingconditions toremaininadifficultorunpleasantsituationforalongtime pineaway无精打采 萎靡不振3 prospects thepossibilitythatsomethingwillhappen especiallysomethinggood theapparentchanceforsuccess Maxismdefinedtheworldviewofmanyrevolutionaries AtheoismdefinestheworldviewofmanyChinese 15 Evenforthoseblackswhodidmakeit infundamentalways Para 32 Evenforthoseblackswhoweresuccessful theystillviewedthingsthroughthelensofraceandracismordeterminedtheirattitudestowardissuesfromthepointofviewofraceandracism 16 Butitdoesfindvoice kitchentable Para32 Paraphrase4 Viewscoloredbyracemaycomeupatinformalconversationsatthebarbershopwheremenmaymeetoroverdinneramongfamilymembers findvoice tobeexpressed 17 Attimes apolitician sownfailings Para 32 Sometimes whenapoliticianwantsblackvotesorwantstousetheissueofracetocompensateforhisdefects hewouldmakeuseofsuchangerinordertobenefitfromit 1 attimes occasionally sometimes2 exploit touseasituationsothatyougetbenefitfromit evenifitiswrongorunfairtodothis3 makeupfor toprovidesomethmggood sothatsomethingbadseemslessimportant tocompensatefor4 failing slightfaultordefect weakness 18 Paraphrase5AndoccasionallyitfindsvoiceinthechurchonSundaymorninginthepulpitandinthepews Para 33 Andonceinawhilesuchsentimentsareexpressedinsermonsandamongchurchcongregations atSundaymorningblackchurchservices inthepulpitandinthepews thepastorandchurchcongregationsrhetoricaldevicesofmetonymyandalliteration pulpitandpew standingforthepriestandthechurchcongregationsandthetwowordsbothstartwith p 19 Thefactthat onSundaymorning Para 33 1 truism astatementthetruthofwhichisobviousorwellknowntruism tru z m n 自明之理 老生常谈2 Whyisthestatementanoldtruism Theplacewherethewhiteandtheblackaremostsegregatedisthechurch whenChristianityissupposedtosaythatallpeopleareequalbeforeGod Evenwhenthechurchesareofthesamedenomination教派 blackandwhitewouldgotoseparatechurches denomination名词n 1 名称 C 2 命名 U 3 宗派 教派 C AmongChristianstherearemanydenominations 基督教中有许多教派 4 货币等的 面额 度量衡等的 单位 C stampsofdifferentdenominations面额不同的邮票 20 Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive tobringaboutrealchange Para 33 1 HowdoesObamaviewsuchanger Whydoeshethinkthisangerharmfultothemovementforrealchange Hethinkssuchangerisnoproductiveandpreventsrealchangebecauseitmovesourattentionawayfromconcentratingonsolvingrealproblems makesusunabletoseeourfaultinthetenseracerelationsandpreventstheblackcommunityfromformingaunitedfrontwiththewhitepeopleinbringingaboutrealchange 2 distract todraw attention awayinanotherdirection3 squarely honestly directly4 complicity partnershipinwrongdoing合谋5 forge todevelopssuccessfulrelationship especiallyinbusinessorpolitics toworkhardtoachievesomething Buttheangerisreal betweentheraces pa 33 1 Whatisthewrongattitudetowardblackanger Thewrongattitudeistothinkitwilldisappearsometimeinthefuturewithoutdoinganythingtosolvetheproblemortocriticizesuchanger sayingitiswrong withoutunderstandinghowitwasformed Emptywishingwithoutactionandblindcondemnationarebothwrong becausetheywillonlymakeexistingmisunderstandingevenstronger 2 wishaway tomakesomethingstopordisappearjustbyexpressingawish3 chasm averybigdifferencethatseparatesonepersonorgroupfromanother 峡谷 裂缝 分歧 22 Paragraphs27to33 Obamaoutlinesthehistoricaldevelopmentofracialdiscriminationandthesufferingsoftheoldergeneration Thenhepointedoutthattheangerisrealthoughitmaynotbeshownsooften Oneoftheplacesitisshownisinblackchurchservices inthesermonsandintheresponseofthecongregations ObamaisputtingWright sremarksinabroaderpicture blackexperience theblacksituationtodayandthehiddenorsuppressedanger 23 Infact asimilarangerexistswithinsegmentsofthewhitecommunity Para 34 Thisstatementservesasatransition leadingtotheanalysisoftheangeramongcertainsegmentsofwhiteAmerica 24 Most bytheirrace Para 34 AmajorityofwhiteAmericansofworkingclassormiddleclassoriginfeelthattheirwhiteskinhasnotbroughtthemanybenefit Theimplicationisthatracialdiscriminationdoesnotexist 25 Theirexperienceis theybuiltitfromscratch Para 34 1 WheredothesewhiteAmericanscomefrom Theyaremainlyimmigrantsordescendantsofimmigrantssotheyareviewingtheissuefromtheexperienceofimmigrants 2 fromscratch fromapointwherenothinghasbeendone soyouhavetodoeverythingyourself从零开始3 they vebuiltitfromscratch Notetheuseof it here it doesnotrefertoanythingparticular maybelife livingingeneral TheysucceedinestablishingthemselvesinAmericansocietyallthroughtheirowneffort 26 They veworkedhard afteralifetimeoflabor Para 34 Obamaherementionstwocases Oneisoutsourcing外包byacorporation theotheristhesuddencollapseofacorporation makingthelossofpensionsorcompanystockinthehandsofworkersworthless Theseareallacuteconcernofworkersandthemiddleclass ThisisalsothepositionofCIO CongressofIndustrialOrganizations andindependenttradeunionsandthemassbaseforprotectionismintrade dump togetridofinanabrupt rough orcarelessmanner 27 Theyareanxious atmyexpense Para 34 1 anxious uneasyinmind worried2 future whatwillhappen whatisgoingtobe3 slipaway tomovequicklywithoutattractingnotice4 zerosumgame aspecificcontestinwhichagainforonemustresultinanequallossforanotherorothers 5 atmyexpense withthelossbornebyme Paraphrase6 AsaresultwhiteAmericansareverymuchworriedaboutthefuture feelingthattheirAmericandreamiscomingtoanend feelinghopelessandhelpless Sotheyhaveahostileattitudetowardtheirsupposedcompetitors 28 Sowhentheyaretold resentmentbuildsovertime Para 34Busing affirmativeactionandsecurityareraisedhere Thisiswhymanywhitescallreversediscrimination Theyfeeltheyaremaderesponsibleforslaverywhichhadnothingtodowiththem whichtheyneverpracticed 1 land informal toget winorsecure2 spot informal position situation job3 build Comparethewordintwosentences They ve builtitfromscratchandresentmentbuildsovertime Thefirst build l 74 means tocreateordevelop andthesecond l 86 means toincreaseinamount force etc 4 resentmentbuildsovertime Afeelingofindignationfromasenseofbeingharmedgraduallygrowsinamountandintensity 29 Liketheanger inpolitecompany Para 35 politecompany peopleyoushouldbehavepolitelytowards pany peopleyouarewith30 Buttheyhavehelpedshapethepoliticallandscapeforatleastageneration Para 35 Bytheendofthe1970s liberalismhadrunitscourseandpeoplefeltthatitcouldnolongersolvedomesticandforeignpolicyissues Peopleblamedthisonaffirmativeactionandonsocialwelfareandtheywereworriedaboutcrimeandrefusedtodiscussracialinequality Peopledemandedchange ThisledtotheelectionofReaganandthedominanceofconservatismformorethan25years Thisisthe politicallandscape thatObamarefersto 1 shape toinfluencethewayaperson idea orsituationdevelops2 landscape themainfeaturesofthesituation 31 Politiciansroutinelyexploitedfearsofcrimefortheirownelectoralends Para 35 Howcouldpoliticianslinkcrimeupwiththeblacks Sincetheunemploymentrateandschooldropoutswerehigheramongblackyouthandtherewerebiasedmediareportsaboutthecrimerateamongblackyouth itwouldbeeasyforpoliticianstoputtheblameonblacksandappealtowhitepeoplewithpent up郁积resentment 32Talkshowhosts orreverseracism Para 35 1 talkshowhost 访谈节目主持人2 bogus notgenuine verycarefulimitationandalwaysimpliesintenttodeceive3 unmask todiscovertherealtruthaboutsomebodyorsomethingespeciallywhenitisbad todiscoverthetruenatureof toexpose4 politicalcorrectness statementsconformingoradheringtowhatregardedasorthodoxliberalopiniononmattersofsexuality race etc usuallyuseddisparagingly denigratingly toconnotedogmatism excessivesensibilitytominoritycauses etc 5 reverseracism Hereitmeansracismagainstthewhites Paraphrase7 Talkshowhostsandconservativecommentatorsbecamefamousthroughexposingso calledunrealincidentsofracismandlabeledreasonablediscussionofunfairtreatmentofminoritiesascateringtoexcessivesensibilitytominoritycausesorasracismagainstthewhites 33 Justasblackangeroftenprovedcounterproductive thatfavorafewoverthemany Para 36 InParagraph33 intalkingaboutblackanger Obamasays Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive indeed toooftenitdistractsattentionfromsolvingrealproblems Buthealsopointsoutthatifyouhandleitinawrongwayitwouldwiden thechasm gap ofmisunderstanding Translation3 黑人的愤怒常常产生不了什么作用 与此相同 这些白人的忿恨也把注意力从挤压中产阶级的真正罪魁祸首身上移开 真正的罪人是充满内幕交易的企业文化 很成问题的的会计惯例 只顾眼前的贪婪心态 被院外集团和特殊利益集团把持的政府 以及关注少数而不顾多数人的经济政策 chasm k z m averybigdifferencethatseparatepeoplefromoneanother峡谷 裂缝 断层 裂口 感情等的 分歧Butnoneofthesecanfillthechasmcreatedbyourdeepsenseofseparation 但是 这一切都无法填补由我们强烈的分离意识造成的鸿沟 ThenObamamovesontodiscusswhiteangerandpointsouttheproblem thesewhiteresentmentdistractedattentionfromtherealculpritsofthemiddleclasssqueeze Buthealsosaysthatifyouhandleitwrongly itwouldblockthepathtounderstanding culprit k lpr ts criminalapersonguiltyofacrimeoroffencesomeonewhoisresponsiblefordoingsomethingbadorillegal犯过错者 罪犯 肇事者 引起问题的事物Desperatetofindculprits IraqisaccuseSyriaandIranofcomplicity 迫切地希望找到罪犯 伊拉克人指责Syria和Iran合谋 Theargumentisthatblackangerandwhiteangerarerealandpowerful Ifpeoplefailtounderstandthecauseofsuchangerandtohandlethisangerproperly misunderstandingwillincreaseandwillplayintothehandsofselfish biasedpoliticians 1 counterproductive bringingabouteffectsorresultsregardedasContrarytothoseintended havingtheoppositeresulttotheoneyouintended适得其反2 squeeze aperiodorsituationmarkedbyscarcity hardship insecurity etc 4 rife abundant5 lobbyist apersonactingforaspecialinterestgroup whotriestoinfluencetheintroductionoforvotingonlegislationorthedecisionsofgovernmentadministrators游说 AccordingtoObama whataretherealculpritsthatputthemiddleclassinadifficultsituation Theyarethewrongpracticesofbigcorporations agovernmentfollowingtheurgeofspecialinterestsandaneconomicpolicywhichfavorstherich 34 Andyet blocksthepathtounderstanding Para 36 Ifyouthinksuchangerwilldisappearbygoodwishes ifyouregardsuchangerasbeingracistwithoutacknowledgingthattheconcernbehindtheangerisjustifiable thenmisunderstandingwillincreaseandthedivisionbetweenthewhitesandtheblackswillgrow 1 label toclassifyas todescribe2 ground tobase aclaim argument onsomethingspecified3 block tocreatedifficultyforprogress toobstruct译 前面的人挡了我的视线 35 Thisiswherewearerightnow It saracialstalematewe vebeenstuckinforyears Para 37 Thisisasumming upoftheracialsituationin