NCE1.语法总结及练习.doc

NCE(一)语法总结一、 物主代词、人称代词 人称数单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem反身代词myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves练习题：( ) 1. Help to the cakes, boys and girls. A. yourself B. your C. myself D. yourselves( ) 2. All of come from France. A. we B. our C. us D. ours( ) 3. My brother will take to the park this Sunday. A. I and my brother B. my brother and me C. me and my brother D. my brother and I( ) 4.Whose pen is this? Its . A. he B. his C. him D. hes( ) 5. Its not classroom. Its . A. their; our B. theirs; our C. them; us D. their; ours( ) 6. is a good teacher. We all like . A. He; him B. They; them C. You; yours D. She; hers( ) 7. Lucy wants some bananas. Give to . A. they; she B. them; her C. them; he D. they; her( ) 8. Let have a look. I think can. A. me; I B. her; me C. I; I D. us; me二、 祈使句表示请求、要求、命令、建议等方面意义的句子称为祈使句。祈使句以动词原形开头，省略主语you。祈使句的否定形式是在动词原形前加dont.Come in!Dont come in! Stop talking!Dont stop talking.Let her in!Dont let her in! Open the door, please!Dont open the door!练习题：用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。1. Its an important meeting. (not, be) late.2. (not, make) any noise! Your mother is sleeping.3. (not, speak) with your mouth full of food and (be) polite.4. (not, leave) your homework for tomorrow, Mary.5. (not, talk) and (read) aloud.三、 复数名词表示一个以上概念时，要用名词的复数。 名词复数形式构成的规则变化1、 在名词后直接加s 清辅音后读s。例如：book-books map-maps lake-lakes desk-desks浊辅音后读z。例如：pen-pens lesson-lessons table-tables bag-bags元 音后读z。例如：boy-boys ruler-rulers banana-bananas 2、以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的名词加es，读iz。 bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes tomato-tomatoes3、 以f或fe结尾的名词, 把f, fe变成v加es。 knife-knives life-lives thief-thieves wife-wives leaf-leaves4、 以辅音加y结尾的名词，把y变成i ,再加es。country-countries family-families factory-factories city-cities story-stories 5、特殊形式：woman-women man-men child-children tooth-teeth练习题：( ) 1. There are forty in our school A. women teachers B. teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher ( ) 2. John is very happy to have a training(培训).A. two week B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months以正确的形式将括号内的名词填入空内1. He bought ten (pencil) and two (knife).2. I have three (book).3. They have five (car) in their garage.4. Two (housewife) are chatting at our gate.5. They need three (umbrella)6. Give me three wine (glass), please.8. There are only ten (match) in the box.9. There are three (policeman) in the street.10. I want two (ticket) but he gives me only one.11. They will invite two (man) and four (woman) to their party.12. She has many (dress).13. Mr. and Mrs. Smith havent any (child).四、不可数名词 单数 可数名词 复数 普通名词 名词 不可数名词（只有单数形式；不能用a/an修饰） 专有名词 *可数名词一般不分单数和复数。有许多名词在汉语中是可数的，在英语中是不可数的，如要表示“一个”的概念是，就必须用表示量的名词词组。例如： a piece of news 一条消息 a piece of paper 一张纸 a bottle of orange 一瓶桔子汁 a glass of milk 一杯牛奶练习题：将下列量词填入空格内：piece, loaf, bar, pound, kilo, box, bag, cup, bottle1. I am going to buy a of bread, a of sugar, a of matches, and a of salt this afternoon.2. Give me a of paper and a of chalk, please.3. He always has a of milk, a of chocolate.4. She asks for a of wine and a of rice.五、There be 句型：1. 概念：某地有某人或某物。2. 构成：1) 肯定句：There is +可数名词单数/不可数名词+地点 There is a book on the desk. /There is some milk in the bottle. 可数名词 不可数名词2) 否定句：There is +not +可数名词单数/不可数名词+地点 There is not (isnt) a book on the desk. /There is not (isnt) any milk in the bottle.3) 疑问句：Is there +可数名词单数/不可数名词+地点 Is there a book on the desk? /Is there any milk in the desk？ Yes, there is. No, there isnt.3. 构成： 1) 肯定句：There are +可数名词复数+地点 There are some books on the desk. 2) 否定句：There are +not+可数名词复数+地点 There are not (arent) any books on the desk.3) 疑问句：Are there +可数名词复数+地点 Are there any books on the desk? Yes, there are. No, there arent.*some用于肯定句，any用于否定和疑问句。练习题：翻译下列句子。1. 在这个宾馆里有许多房间。 .2. 在那个盒子里有一些糖。 .3. 在那个房间里有几个(several)人吗？ .是的，有几个人。 不，没有人。 . .4. 我一点钱都没有。 .*there be与have的区别： there be与have汉语意思都是表示“有”。Have前必须有主语，而“there be”则是一种特殊结构；have表示所有关系，意为“所有”，一般指某人“有”，there be则表示“存在”。例如： Today we have two new students. 今天我们有两名新同学。 There are some apples over there. 在那边有一些苹果。六、年、月、日和时刻的表达法1、 表示“在某年某月”：用介词in.例如：在1999年9月：in September 19992、 表示“在某日”：用介词on例如：在1999年5月1日：on May 1st, 1999 在星期六：on Sunday3、 表示“在几点”：用介词at例如：在6点钟：at six oclock练习题：用in，on, at填空1、Tom arrived the office ten oclock.2、He is going to New York January 1st.3、He often comes to visit us Saturday.4、She was born(出生) 1990.5、Tom was at school five oclock.七、too和enough1、 too的用法：(1) 表示“太”，修饰形容词She cant move the case. Its too heavy. 她移不动那只箱子，它太沉了。The water is too hot and we cant bath. 水太热了，我们没有办法洗澡。(2) sth+be+too+形容词+for sb to do sth 对于某人太，以至于不能做The house is too expensive for me to buy. 那房子太贵了，我买不起。(3) sb+be+too+形容词+to do sth 某人太，以至于不能做She was too busy to have a talk with me. 他太忙了，以至于不能和我说话。They are too young to elect. 他们太小，不能参选。2、 enough的用法：(1) enough+名词There is enough room. 有足够的空间。There are enough books for the children to read. 有足够的书供孩子们阅读。(2) 形容词+enoughIts warm enough, we can wear sweaters. 天气足够暖和的， 我们可以穿毛衣了。 (3) sth+be+形容词+enough+for sb+to do sth. 某物对于(某人)足够; 可以做The exam is easy enough for her to pass. 这个考试对于她来说足够简单，可以通过。(3) sb+be+形容词+enough to do sth。 某人很，可以做He is old enough to make his own decision. 他已经长大了，可以自己做决定了。练习题：用enough, too填空1、The question is easy for me.2、These exercises are difficult for him to finish in half an hour.3、That box is heavy for him to move alone.4、Hes rich to buy that house.5、Shes clever to solve the difficult problem.6、Tom is stupid to be able to do it.7、The distance is short for us to walk.8、The car was expensive for us to buy.9、Hes tall to reach that top shelf.10、Its hot to sleep well at night.八、形容词的比较级和最高级形容词比较级、最高级的形式变化规则构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词末尾加er和estcheap, tallcheaper, tallercheapest, tallest重读闭音节，双写最后一个辅音字母，然后加er和estbig, hot, thinbigger, hotter, thinnerbiggest, hottest, thinnest以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词把y变i加er和estangry, happy, heavyangrier, happier, heavierangriest, happiest, heaviest以e结尾的形容词加r和stnicenicernicest其他双音节词和多音节词useful, interestingmore useful, more interestingmost useful, most interesting不规则形容词比较级及最高级原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwellbetterbestbadworseworstmanymoremostmuchmoremostlittlelessleast形容词比较级的用法：比较级用于两者的比较。其结构是：A+be+形容词的比较级+than+B.例 如：Sam is younger than Mike. 萨姆比迈克年轻。形容词最高级的用法：最高级用于二者以上的比较。 其结构是：主语+be+the+形容词的最高级+(n.)表示范围的短语或从句 例 如：Sam is the youngest student in my class. 练习题：用比较级和最高级填空。1、Jane is (tall) than Tom and she is (tall) girl in the class2、English is (important) than French and it is (useful) of all the languages(语言) in the world.3、Betty is (pretty) girl in this town.4、Their house is (beautiful) in the country and the garden is (large), too.5、Mr. Smith is (busy) man in our company.6、They have bought (expensive) car in the shop.7、Well move to a house much (big) than this one.8、Every foreigner says that Chinese is (difficult) language to learn.9、Her husband is eleven years (old) than she is.10、Mrs. Brown is (fat) woman Ive ever seen.11、He always wins a prize for the (good) garden in the town.12、Ill buy the one that costs (little) in the shop九、同级比较：asas形容词原级用法：1) 肯定句：A+be+as+形容词原级+as B 例 如：My cat is as old as that one. 我的猫和那只一样大。2) 否定句：A+be+not+as(so)+形容词原级+as B 例 如：He is not as (so) tall as I. 他不如我高。3) 疑问句：Be+A+as+形容词原级+as B？ 例 如：Is she as busy as before? 她还象以前那么忙吗？十、so和neither引导的简短回答当有人说了一句肯定意义的话，其肯定内容也适于你或另外的人或事物时，可以采用这种简略的句式。构成：肯定句. So +be/情/助+主语例如：Lucy is a student. So am I. / So are they. / So is her brother. I like music. So does my brother. / So do they. They went to the party. So did I. 当有人说了一句否定意义的话，其否定内容也适于你或另外的人或事物时，可以采用这种简略的句式。构成：否定句. Neither+ be/情/助+主语例如：I dont like music. Neither does my brother. They didnt go to the party. Neither did I.练习题：1、I have read it. (John) .2、I havent seen it. (Tom) .3、You dont know the way. (your aunt) .4、He is a writer. (she) .5、Tom can speak French. (his wife) .6、He wants to help us. (she) .7、He cant come. (his sister) .8、Alice couldnt understand. (Andrew) .9、I dont believe him. (Ann) .10、The pork was bad. (the beef) .十一、反意疑问句这种疑问句分为两部分：前一部分为陈述句，后一部分为简短问句。 前肯定后否定; 前否定后肯定*反意疑问句的否定部分必须用缩略形式，同时它的主语必须用人称代词。 例如：You have been learned English for years, havent you? -前肯定后否定 He is unhappy, is he? -前否定后肯定练习题：1、He didnt see it. .2、The meeting wont be long. .3、She didnt find it. .4、They neednt pay the money. .5、She doesnt know you. .6、It isnt expensive. .7、The food wasnt bad. .8、You arent angry. .9、You dont like him. .10、We shant go there. .十二、no和none的用法no：是个限定词，可以用在单数(可数及不可数)名词和复数名词前，他的意思和not a或not any几乎一样，可以代替这些词语。*not a=no not any=no例如：There isnt any water left. =There is no water left. I havent got any time to read the newspaper. =I have got no time to read the newspaper.none： 在the, my, your等词和this, that等词前面要表达no的含义，应该用none of来表示no的意思。None of既可用于句子的开头也可用在句子的其他地方。例如：None of the trains go to the small city. 没有一辆货车通过那座小城。 Youve got many gifts, but Ive got none. 你有许多礼物，而我一个也没有。练习题：用not, no, none填空。1、They had warm clothing and food.2、 of the drivers have come.3、I cant get there. Theres bus.4、I have any time to spare.5、There are stupid students in this class.6、 of the telephones are working.7、Sorry I cant stop. Ive got time.8、There is any food in the house.9、I asked for two tickets but there was left.10、There were letters for you this morning. Im afraid.十三、定语从句定于从句在句子中作定语，修饰句子中的某一名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。例如：I have a sister who lives in Paris 先行词 关系代词1、 先行词是人，用关系代词who，在定于从句中做主语和宾语。例如：The woman who is talking with a boy is my teacher Miss. Gao. 做主语那位和一个男孩谈话的妇女是我的老师高小姐The man who we met is my uncle. 我们遇见的那个男人是我的叔叔。 做宾语2、 先行词是人，用关系代词whom，在定于从句中只能作宾语。例如：The little girl whom she is playing with is her daughter. 做宾语3、 先行词是物，用关系代词which，在定于从句中做主语和宾语。例如：The factory which well visit next week isnt far from here. 做宾语 The car which is repairing is Toms. 做主语4、 先行词是人或物，用关系代词that，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。例如：The policeman that is helping the old man is my brother. 先行词是人 做主语 The pen that he gave me was made in the USA. 先行词是物 做定语*关系代词在宾语从句中做主语不可以省略，做宾语可以省略。练习题：用who, whom, that和which将下列各组句子改写成含有一个定语从句的句子。1、 This is the dog. It is bit a policeman. .2、I spoke to the man. He couldnt understand me. .2、 We bought a loaf of bread. It had just come out of the oven. .4、A waitress served me with beer. It was too cold. .5、I didnt recognize the tall young man. He was standing at the door. .十四、表示推测的情态动词 1、 表示“一定”/不可能(must be的否定形式)：对现在的推测：must be cant be对过去的推测：must have done cant have done2、 表示“可能”对现在的推测：may/might be 对过去的推测：may/might have done练习题：用must be, must have done, cant be, cant have done 1、Look at his face! He be very angry.2、It be John you see. Hes in Caracas(加拉斯).3、I saw Ann in the library yesterday. You (see) her; she is still abroad.4、Im feeling cold. The windows be open.5、The carpet was made by hand. It (take) a long time.6、The door was open when I arrived. It (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.7、Theres the milkman at the door. No, it be the milkman. It be the postman.8、Jane be over thirty-five. Her son is only three years old now.9、Per haps he swam across the river. No, he (do) that, he cant swim.10、Whos at the door? It be Susan.十五、直接引语变间接引语1、 如果主句是一般现在时，则直接引语是什么时态间接引语就是什么时态。例如：He says, “I like the film of Titanic.” 他说：“我喜欢泰坦尼克这部电影。” He says (that) he likes the film of Titanic. 他说他喜欢泰坦尼克这部电影。2、 如果主句是一般过去时，则间接引语的时态要向后退一个时态时态的变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时She said, “I am a teacher.”She said that she was a teacher.现在进行时过去进行时He said, “We are having dinner.”He said they were having dinner.现在完成时过去完成时She said, “I have finished my homework.She said that she had finished her homework.一般过去时过去完成时She said, “I saw you last week.”She said she had seen me the week before.一般将来时过去将来时She said, “Ill go there.”She said she would go there.cancould; maymightShe said, “I may get married next year.”They said, “We cant afford a new house.”She said she might get married the next year.They said they couldnt afford a new house.客观真理的事态不发生改变She said,