河北省邯郸市中考英语阅读理解“主旨大意”题解题指导素材-课件.doc

主旨大意题解题指导主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点，这类题往往针对段落或短文的subject(主题)、main idea(中心思想)、title(题目)或purpose(目的)来命题。因为词汇、句式、文化背景等原因，有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差，从而不能很好地解答这类题目。这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文，寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即在文中频繁出现的词；中心句通常出现在文章的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不妨把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有下列几种：1. Whats the topic of the article?2. What is the passage mainly about?3. Whats the main idea of the passage?4. What can we learn from the passage?5. What is the best title/headline for this passage?6. The writers purpose in writing this story is _.7. In the passage the author wants to tell _.那么如何解这类题呢？下面，结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验，提供一些基本的方法来帮助大家。一、设问方式有哪些？大意类：1. What is the passage mainly about?2. The main idea of the passage is _.3. The first/second/last . paragraph is mainly about _.标题类：1. What is the best title for the passage?2. The best title for this passage might be _.3. The best headline for this passage could be _.目的型：1. The authors main purpose is to _.2. The passage is meant to _.3. The purpose of this article is to _.二、高分攻略看过来！每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能抓住文章的结构，找到文章的主题句，就能轻而易举地把握文章的中心大意，所以找准主题句，对于获取文章大意尤其重要。1. 寻找主题句一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置：(1) at the beginning(2) at the end(3) at the beginning and at the end(4) in the middle of the passage(5) no clear topic sentence2. 排除干扰项一般来说，干扰项有以下特点：(1) 主观臆测，并非作者的观点(2) 范围过大，过于笼统(3)范围过小，以偏概全(4) 文中未提及，找不到出处三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些？1. 段落大意类【例1：内蒙古呼和浩特】For just $38, you can help one person see; for $380, 10 people can see; $1,300 helps train a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your love can help them open their eyes to the world.The last paragraph is mainly about _.A. how much a training program for a group of doctors costsB. why ORBIS needs your help to continue their workC. who can make thousands of blind people see againD. what you can do to help blind people open their eyes【解析】D。段落举出几个例子，说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A和C选项分别是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮助，借此呼吁读者，故B选项不正确。【解题方法】提取关键词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现，甚至其它说明内容都为之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you, can, help (以及provide，在此表达意义相近)。找到关键词，我们就会发现，该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事来帮助盲人”为句子中心，呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项，只有D选项包含了全部三个关键词。【例2：山东烟台卷】Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light. Without him, the world might still be in the dark. However, the electric light was not his only invention. He also invented the motion picture camera and over 1,200 other things. About every two weeks he created something new.Thomas Edison was born in 1847. He attended school for only three months. His mother taught him at home, but Thomas was mostly self-educated. He started experimenting at a young age.When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became a newsboy on a train. He did experiments on the train in his spare time. Unluckily, his first work experience did not end well. They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the train. Then Edison worked for five years as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his time in experimenting his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity.Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other, but he thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways. It kept conversations short, so that he could have more time for work. He always worked 16 out of every 24 hours. Sometimes his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.Thomas Edison died at the age of 84. He left a great many inventions that greatly improved the quality of life all over the world.What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The function of the electric light.B. Edison and his experiments.C. The importance of inventions.D. The whole life of Edison.【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构，它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细读文章能发现，每一段都有明确的时间：第2段Thomas Edison was born in 1847；第3段When he was 12 years old, he got his first job；第5段Thomas Edison died at the age of 84。 由此可以看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历，所以答案选D。其他三个选项都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的错误。A和C只在第一段中提到，而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明；B选项，只提出爱迪生和他的实验，没有包括文章的主要内容爱迪生的人生经历。2. 文章标题类【例3：山东德州】Green is an important color in nature. It is . It is .Sometimes, the word “green” means young, fresh and growing. For example . In the 15th century . A century later . By the 18 th century .Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb (大拇指). The expression . A person with a green thumb . The Green Revolution (绿色革命) is Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling. Jealousy (嫉妒). The green eyed monster . It is . It In most places in the world, a green light is a signal (信号) to move ahead. In everyday speech, a green light means approval (赞成) to continue with a project.Which would be the best title of the passage?A. Green, the color of grass and treesB. The stories about the color “green”C. Green, a sign of approvalD. Different meanings of “green”【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性，第二段到第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义；文章没有讲述绿色的故事，只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义，B选项错误；C选项是最后一段的概括，以偏概全。【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一：看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语，两个主语都是代词It，很容易判断两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green，是进一步解释说明Green，属于细节内容。第三段第二句的主语The expression，用了定冠词，实际上也是指前文提到的内容。跳读方法之二：忽略举例词。第二段中for example是举例说明的标志词，也就是说，后面的内容举例，用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时，可以适当忽略。以此类推，我们通过跳读，分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中，段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大意，每段讲了绿色的不同意义，从而总结出文章的最佳题目。【例4：北京卷】Teens want structure in their lives, which means they want their lives well-planned. To begin building structure, teens need love and trust. They need to know their parents are there to give them needed love and support (支持). Teens want to be sure that nothing can prevent parents from shouldering their responsibility for them not their growing maturity (成熟), misbehavior, nor anger at something they have done. Teens want parents to keep control while allowing them to make some decisions.There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close .The most important things to remember are: talk with your teens, listen to their worries and offer suggestions when needed. This will help your teens to live a well-organized life.What is the best title of the passage?A. Training Teens to Become Responsible Adults.B. Helping Teens to Build Reasonable Structure.C. Improving the Relationship with Your Teens.D. Stepping into Your Teens Secret World.【解析】B。观察文章结构，根据第一段中的Teens want structure in their lives, which means they want their lives well-planned可知，文章话题是关于well-planned life。 根据第2段中的There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close可知，下面讲的是一些方法；根据最后一段中的This will help your teens to live a well-organized life可知，这句话是对以上内容的总结，所以，不难看出，这两句话是文章的主题句，所以答案选B。选项A的错误在于主观臆测，并非作者所表达的观点；C选项，范围过大，过于笼统；D选项，走进青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3. 中心思想类【例5：四川宜宾卷】 or some people, music is no fun at all. About 4% of the population is what scientists call “amusic”. People who are amusic are born without the ability to enjoy musical notes. Amusic people often cannot tell the differences between two songs.As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics . By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify (辨别) this unusual condition.Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different for those of people who can enjoy music. The difference is complex (复杂的), and it is not connected with poor hearing . Scientists compare amusics to people who just cant see certain colors.Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed (诊断) . That makes it easier for them to explain .What is the main idea of the passage?A. Amusics strange behaviors.B. Musical ability.C. Some peoples inability to enjoy music.D. Identification and treatment of amusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的关键词是amusic (无法欣赏音乐的人)。文章主要介绍了amusic病症及其原因的简单探究。【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结，通常是段落首句或尾句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以，重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在上面的这个例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出话题：amusic；第二段讲了amusic的表现；第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据；第四段说明了amusic的现状。【例6：广西桂林卷】Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds，they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house， nor can they eat at the family table.In Paragraph 3, the author points out that _.A. family members do not greet each otherB. family members do not eat at the family tableC. young people get on well with their familiesD. young people hardly communicate with their family members【解析】D。选项A、B只是局部信息，不够全面。C选项是无关信息，文章并没有提到。仔细阅读第三段，选择D。4. 写作意图类【例7：天津卷】Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific. It is one of the smallest countries in the world. But for those who are interested in adventure and sport, there is a lot to do. Vanuatus islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world: volcano (火山) surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island, Mount Yasur rises 300 meters into the sky. Yasur is Recently, people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano. In some ways, volcano surfing is like surfing in the sea, but in other ways its very different. Volcano surfers try to Its fast, fun and dangerous the perfect extreme sport (极限运动).Land Diving A man ties tree vines (树藤) to his legs. He then jumps head-first from a high tower to touch the earth with the top of his head without breaking the vine. Every spring, island natives (men only) still take part in this amazing activity.What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell people not to do dangerous sports.B. To explain what volcano surfing and land diving are.C. To talk about the worlds best volcano surfer and land diver.D. To compare activities in Vanuatu with sports in New Zealand.【解析】B。本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动：火山滑板和陆地蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题；第二、三段分类介绍。【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题，我们就能了解文章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中，并且有提纲挈领的作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式，结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题；中间段落逐条介绍；最后有时也有总结性的段落。【例8：浙江杭州卷】When the Audet family turns on the lights at Blue Farm, they are using electricity that comes from cows cow waste, to be specific.When farmers clean their barns, they put the wastes in a big heap, and spread some of them on their fields for fertilizer (肥料). But now places like Blue Farm have a new way of using cow wastes. They use them to make electricity.Methane gas (甲烷、沼气) in the atmosphere is known as a “greenhouse” gas Its gas is kept and used to power electric generators (发电机).At Blue Farm, the generators make enough electricity to power 400 homes. The Audet family sells the extra electricity they cant use themselves.What is the main purpose for writing the passage?A. to introduce a new way of making electricityB. to explain how a new energy works betterC. to show a new rebuilding plan for a big farmD. to explain the reasons for greenhouse effect【解析】A。快速浏览全文，不难找出文章的核心词electricity, 通读全文可以推断作者的写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项B，文章讲的是a new way of using cow wastes而不是a new energy; C、D与文章无关。四、小结一下吧！上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法：提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握标题。在解题时，为了获取有效信息，往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如通过跳读找出关键词或中心句，从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时，我们也可以从选项入手，运用排除法排除干扰项，比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目时，我们可以假设自己是作者，检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符，可能就需要重新考虑答案。五、挑战相关练习AI grew up in New Hampshire, a small town in South Canada, where in my fathers words for the seasons were “Spring, Summer, Fairtime and Winter!” At that time, a week-long fair was held in the town every autumn. Thousands of people from other towns came to sell and buy things. It was the busiest time of the year.When “Fairtime” came, my grandma became the most “useful” and busiest person of the family. Grandma was a kind, well-educated old lady. She was good at cooking. All her relatives liked the food she cooked. During “Fairtime”, they would come to live in her house and have meals there. Grandma was always happy to look after them.Year after year, many people moved to big cities. There was no loner “Fairtime”. Grandma became very old and was gradually going blind. My parents and I moved to live with Grandma in her house. We did our best to make her day-to-day life as comfortable as possible. I was at high school then.What I often did at home was to help Grandma with the daily newspapers crossword puzzle. However, she didnt look happy. She often sat in her room for hours, without saying a word.To attract people to move back, the Town Hall decided to reopen the Fair. One day, when I came back from school, I saw Grandma wearing her glasses, washing the dishes in the kitchen. With a big smile on her face, she looked a lot much younger. She told me that her two nieces would come. “They said the food I cooked was very delicious and they want to stay in my house again,” Grandma said happily. “They will stay here for one week and we can have a big party. That must be the busiest week Ive had in years!”I suddenly realized that Grandma didnt want to be looked after. She wanted to be “useful”, appreciated and helpful.Whats the best title for the passage?A. FairtimeB. My “Old” GrandmaC. A Small TownD. Grandmas FamilyBIts reported that a company called MicroCHIPS has developed a wirelessly controlled device (装置). The device is put under the skin and can supply a drug directly into the patients body. People give the name “microchips” to it.Microchips bring good news to patients with long-term (长期的) illnesses, for example, Osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). People with Osteoporosis have to get daily injections (注射) of medicine. One type of treatment requires injections for two years. Many patients stop taking the medicine because of the pain and stress of the infections. However, microchips can deal with it. Doctors will program the device before putting it under the skin, and the device has the ability to release (释放) a dose (剂量) at a given time, every single day. One microchip can hold a full years worth of medicine.Microchips may one day free (使摆脱) people from having to remember to take their medicine, or get injections. The device may also be useful in treating other long-term diseases, including heart disease, cancer and even AIDS.What is the passage mainly about?A. It introduces the company MicroCHIPS.B. It introduces a new wirelessly controlled device called “microchips”.C. It introduces some common long-tern diseases.D. Its about how the device called “microchips” works.CAsk any student which subject he or she hates most. Nine out of ten students will answer “math”. No matter which country you visit, no matter which grade you are in, you may not learn art, geography, chemistry or Chinese, but you always learn math. Why is this so? How come so many students hate math, and yet cannot avoid learning it in school?Jenny Sanders, a high school student in California, asks, “What good do we get from learning math? We can use computers to compute numbers, and we can use computers to store information. I think learning math at school is a waste of time.”However, there is much more to math than just learning to add and subtract (减) numbers. In fact, math is