职称英语语态

2012年职称英语考试辅导：语态专题讲解发表日期：2011/9/24 来源：中国职称英语考试网 网络课堂 在线考试为了帮助广大考生有效备考2012年全国职称英语考试，小编特编辑整理了2012年全国职称英语考试复习资料，希望对您系统掌握2012年全国职称英语考试的重点内容，顺利通过职称英语考试有所帮助。1、被动语态英语被动语态使用比较多，尤其是科技论文中特别突出，这与汉语形成鲜明的对照。在汉语表达中，主动语态比被运语态用得更普遍些。因此，在进行英译汉时，最好能尊重汉语习惯，将英文被动句转换在汉语主动句。翻译时应注意运用以下技巧：1）英语的主语转换成汉语的宾语有些被动语态只能用汉语的主动句来翻译时，可以将英语被动句的主语变为汉语主动句的宾语，以便突出谈论的事物，不需要表明的行为主体可以省略。例：The present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness.绝不可用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚现在的手脚。2）用被等词提示行为的主体译文必须表示出被动时，可以用“被”、“为所”、“受到”、“叫”、“让”、“靠”、“遭到”、“挨”、“将”、“是（由）的”等词来表示，这样更能引人注目。例：The earths surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete.曼哈顿地区的地层表面是由坚硬的混凝土构成的。2、倒装句英语倒装句，无论是完全倒装，还是部分倒装，都与汉语的语序有差异，翻译时应尊重汉语习惯，将句子理顺。例：Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.铁锤一落，火星四溅。（原句为完全倒装。）3、强调句翻译好强调句的关键在于掌握好强调句型（It isthat/who/which/）。应注意该句型与主语从句意义上的差异。例：1）It is an unusual person who can live free from financial stress or who can spend money on others as he spends on himself.只有不同寻常的人才能远离经济重压，才能把钱花在别人身上就像花在自己身上一样。（该句强调an unusual person,在译文中用“只有”两字体现出来。）试比较主语从句：We had a lot of fun at the beach.It was really a fly in the ointment that George cut his foot on a piece of glass.我们在海滩上玩得很开心，美中不足的是乔治的脚被一块玻璃割破了。（句中的It为形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句。a fly in the ointment油膏里有一只苍蝇，喻美中不足。）4、定语从句的译法一般说来，限定性定语从句常采用合译法，非限定性定语从句常采用分译法。但是，在翻译实践中，这两种定语从句经常需要灵活处理。具体的方法有：1）使定语前置A .在定语从句很短时，翻译时可将从句直接放在被修饰名词之前。例:Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist.科学家们相信，人类或类似人的生物能够生存的天体，在宇宙中可能有几百个。B .定语从句和被修饰的名词关系很密切时，翻译时应将定语从句放在修饰词之前。这种情况常见的固定搭配有：those who,suchas 等。例：Those of us who have the ability to do this job will be sent to carry out the task.我们当中那些有能力做此事的人将被派去执行这个任务。2）使从句后置并列A .有些限定性或非限定性的定语从句分译成两句更符合汉语习惯，采取分译法使长句断开变成并列句，必要时还应重复关系代词所指代的含义。例：Mr Health said,We are now again regarded by other states as a country whose judgment can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on.希思先生说，“我们的国家做出的判断是可以相信的，我们的国家做出的诺言是可以信赖的-现在，世界各国又这样看待我们了。”B.译成状语从句有些非限定性定语从句还可以译成状语从句。例：The design of this mobile robot was a complex one,which took us a lot of time.这个能行走的机器人的设计很复杂，所以花费了我们很多的时间。5、否定句的翻译1）否定的转移否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分（常在谓语部分），但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析，而应从语义上分析，根据上下文理解句意。例：（1）He doesnt teach because teaching is easy for him .他之所以教书，并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。（否定转移到because引起的原因状语从句。）2）否定转移的基本类型英语中的否定形式错综复杂。A否定形式在表示看法、感觉的谓语动词上，语义却是否定后面的宾语从句。例：He doesnt expect we need worry.他认为我们不必着急。B否定形式在谓语部分，但语义是否定状语或状语从句。例：（1）The earth doesnt move round in empty space.地球并不是处在空无一物的空间中运行。C否定形式有谓语，但是否定转移到表语部分。此类结构常见的谓语动词有appear,feel,sound,taste,seem,smell等。例：It doesnt seem as if it is going to rain.好像天不会下雨。D否定形式在谓语，语义上却否定宾语补足语。例：I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it.我知道他身上从不带钱，因为他从不需要钱。E否定形式在宾语，但语义上却在否定谓语。例：He found no delight in reading the book.读书时，他感到并不愉快。F.主语是否定调整时，翻译应根据具体情况确定。否定可以转移，也可以不转移。例：（1）Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.看过高质量彩色电视的人再也不可能对黑白电视感到满足了。G“否定主句+肯定式方式从句”中，主句和从句意思正好相反。例：（1）Whales are not fish,as many people think.鲸不是鱼，而许多人却认为鲸是鱼。本篇文章来源于中大网校 ；原文链接地址：/502/5557164863.html2012年职称英语考试语法辅导：虚拟语气概述英语有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。对前两种语气，学生似乎比较熟悉，而对虚拟语气似乎感到比较难掌握。造成这种情况的主要原因，一是对虚拟语气有误解，认为虚拟语气表达的内容都是假的；二是将虚拟语气放在英语语法过高的地位上，原因之一是语法考试经常考虚拟语气，如2000年A卷20道语法题中有5道是虚拟语气的语法范畴；三是英语中虚拟语气的表达形式比较特殊。其实，虚拟语气有两大类用法：1. 在对“他人”作命令、推荐、建议、劝慰、说服时用虚拟语气形式表达，表示语气的客气或婉转，如：I would like you to answer this question. （我想请你来回答这个问题。）这里的would like to （想），就是虚拟语气，相当于want to：口语中常用的句型，象：Would you mind my smoking here？（我在这里抽烟你不介意吧？）It might a good idea to wait and see.（观望或许是个好主意。）Could you tell me where the post office is？（能告诉我邮局怎么走吗？）Youd better bring an umbrella with you； its thundering. （你最好带上雨伞；天在打雷。）Id rather stay at home in such bad weather.（这种恶劣天气我宁可呆在家里。）等句子都属于虚拟语气的范畴，注意这里的动词都采用了“过去时”的形式。2. 表达与事实相反或（几乎）不可能实现的事，这可能就是一般人概念中的虚拟语气，如：If only there had been a doctor at the moment. （当时有个医生就好了。实际情况是当时没有医生）2012年职称英语考试词汇学习：构词法1.转化：由一个词类转化为另一词类：（1）动词转化为名词：Let me have a try. 我来试一试。We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。Dont judge a man by his looks. 不要凭外表判断人。（2）名词转化为动词：Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议？It can seat a thousand people. 它能坐一千人。Have you booked your ticket? 你的票买好了吗？Hand in your exercise-books, please. 请把练习本交上来。2.派生：通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词：（1）前缀一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词： 2012年职称英语考试辅导：攻克长难句和功能句发表日期：2011/9/24 来源：中国职称英语考试网 网络课堂 在线考试为了帮助广大考生有效备考2012年全国职称英语考试，小编特编辑整理了2012年全国职称英语考试复习资料，希望对您系统掌握2012年全国职称英语考试的重点内容，顺利通过职称英语考试有所帮助。第一部分、英语功能句的写法1. 引出暗含主题句We can deduce from these two vivid drawings that_.What has been describe in the cartoon carries great implications for our life， esp. how to_.What it illustrates is a common phenomenon in todays society， and it conveys the symbolic meaning of_.2、图表漫画类文章描述图表漫画句From the cartoon we can see that_.We can see from the cartoon that_.As is indicated in the cartoon， _.3. 引出漫画人画图目的句What is the purpose of the drawer of this cartoon？ In the first place，_. In the second place，_.4. 引出原因句There are quite a few possible reasons suggested here. To begin with，_. In the second place，_.Finally，_.There are some possible reasons for this tendency. To begin with，_. In the second place，_. Finally，_.What caused the effect？ There are at least two possible reasons. To begin with，_. In the second place，_.5. 引出对策句It is， therefore， necessary that efforts should be made to cope with the problem as early as possible.We should take immediate measures， for if the present situation continues as before， serious outcome will come up.As far as I am concerned， my suggestions as to _are as follows.6. 过渡句It is clear that _plays a important role in our life and work.There may be some other reasons responsible for _， but I think what has been mentioned above is generally acceptable.This is my point of view as to how to_， and I am sure that my ideas are both sound and reasonable.7. 举例子A case in point is my neighbor， who_.Id like to quote a further example here.According to a recent survey made by professor Wang， head of social department in Peking University， 90% of the people across the country are suffering from the problem.Another survey also shows that the trend is turning from bad to worse.8. 结论句Only in this way can we_.9. 列举意义的短语In the first place， _. In the second place， _. Last but not the least， _.To begin with， _. Furthermore， _. The most important of all， _.On the one hand， _.On the other hand， _.In addition， _.For one thing， _. For another， _. Whats more， _.First of all， _. In the second place， _. Conversely， _.第二部分、长难句的写法1.This is ， says Luban， a desk. （ 简单句中加上插入语 ）2. To a certain extent， you can be a good teacher. （ 简单句前面加上程度状语 ）3. Rather than decreasing， the population in China is increasing. （ 简单句前面加上分词短语 ）4. With skilled workers， we could accomplish the task within the deadline； without proficient workers， we should have togive up half way. （ 排比句型增加句子可读性 ）5. A case in point is my neighbor， who lost both legs in a traffic accident. （ 举例子方法 ）6. According to a recent survey made by professor Wang， head of social department in Peking University， 90% of the people across the country are suffering from the problem. （ 举例子方法 ）7