托福类比总结原件.doc

（一）组成关系1. singer: choir : actor: cast (choir 合唱团，cast 演员阵容）2. tile: mosaic : stitch: sampler ( 二重对应：皆有图案感）3. fish: school : birds: flock : cattle :herd (school 鱼群）4. wire: filigree : thread : lace ( 二重对应：皆有图案感)5. groove: striated : strand : braided ( groove 条形槽，striated 刻有条纹的; strand 绳子的一股，braided 编成的）6. island: archipelago: fish: school7. symbols: rebus : notes: score (notes音符，score 乐谱）8. clay: porcelain : flax: linen (flax亚麻，linen纱布）9. ceramic: mosaic : cloth: patchwork(拼接物) : wood:parquetry10. paragraph: essay : clause: sentence11. paragraph: prose : stanza: poetry12. instrumentalist: orchestra : actor: troupe(演员剧团）13. bacterium: colony(菌落): citizen: nation14. numbers: array : soldiers: formation(阵列) (皆规则排列)15. numbers: matrix : atoms: crystal16. pebble: gravel: person: crowd (杂乱)17. explosives: barrage(弹幕) : rain: deluge(大暴雨) (皆有幕的感觉) ！精彩 ！18. turns: zigzag : image: montage(蒙太奇作品) ( 皆有突然切换的感觉)19. vehicles : armada : projectiles: fusillade(枪林弹雨)20. flowers : bouquet : logs: woodpile (皆有一根一根集成一束的感觉) 比较：trees : forest21. line: stanza : issue（杂志的一期）: volume(一卷)22. stanza : poem : act(话剧的一出) : opera23. securities（有价证券）: portfolio(一个人所拥有的有价证券的总称） : reports(files) : dossier : teachers : faculty :customers: clientele （注意都是后者是前者的总称，且前者可数复数，后者不可数）24. voter: electorate（选民全体）: instrumentalist: orchestra25. soldier: army: element: compound26. word : charade（字谜）: story: mime（滑稽喜剧）27. pillar: colonnade: person: queue: tone(note): chord (chord: three or more musical tones soundedsimultaneously)28. entries(journal 里的一篇文章): journal : performance: run（一组节目）29. skit: revue (skit 小讽刺剧，revue时事讽刺剧，组成关系需查韦氏：revue: a theatrical production consisting typicallyof brief loosely connected often satirical skits, songs, anddances)30. ice: glacier: water: sea31. retainer: retinue( a group of retainers) : witch: coven(女巫聚会)32. tree: forestry : flower: horticulture33. intimates: clique: sheep:flock（二）种属关系1. alcove: recess（缺陷的总称）: dome/thatch: roof : turret: tower2. subsidy: support : debt : obligation （前者范畴小，后者范畴大，且均为财政范畴，二重对应）3. lullaby: song : diatribe: discourse4. four-poster: bed : convertible: automobile5. portrait: painting : biography: history （且都是对人的描写）6. mercenary（雇佣兵）:soldier : hack（雇佣文人）: writer7. discography（唱片目录）: list（目录）: hoe: tool8. trumpet（小号）: horn（号角）: tambourine（架子鼓）:drum9. limerick : poem : lampoon: satire（其实lampoon: article更好些，但上面是ets的答案）10. salt: seasoning（调味品）11. flint（打火石）: stone12. tulip: bulb（块茎植物）13. tourquoise: gem : violet : flower14. calcium: mineral : sugar: carbonhydrate15. jazz: music : portraiture（肖像画）: painting16. apple: fruit : wool: fabric17. butterfly: insect : metaphysics: philosophy18. knife: cutlery（刀具）19. pun（双关语）: joke : termite: insect20. coin : denomination（币值单位）: house : architecture21. dart: missile : skiff: boat22. ostrich: bird : tiger: cat（猫科动物）23. allergy: reaction : lancet（柳叶刀）: instrument(lancet: 1 : a sharp-pointed and commonly 2-edged surgicalinstrument used to make small incisions)24. suitcase: luggage: hat: millinery25. kangaroo: marsupial: squirrel : rodent26. parable: story: homily: lecture(homily: a moral lecture)27. jog: exercise : barter（易物贸易）: trade28. tang: tooth : finger: digit29. affidavit: statement : wedding: ceremony （且正式）（三）动宾关系1. nurture: child : cultivate: crop2. accelerate: speed : prolong: duration3. equivocate: commitment: procrastinate:action4. carve: turkey : slice: cake5. revise（润色、修改）: manuscript : retouch（装饰、润色）: picture6. disseminate: information: foment : discontentment7. subpoena: witness : conscript（强制征兵）: soldier（ 双重对应：强行叫来）8. strike: medal : mint（铸造）: coin9. abdicate: throne : resign: office10. assess: value : plumb : depth11. expedite: process : accelerate: pace12. illustrate: pictures : particularize: details13. obstruct : progress : stunt（阻碍生长）: growth14. blow : horn : pluck（拨琴）: harp（竖琴）（四）消除关系1. quench/ extinguish : fire2. mitigate: severe: qualify: general （qualify使有资格，就能消除一般性）3. assuage: sorrow: dampen（泼冷水）: ardor4. ballast: instability: purchase（支点）: slippage5. muffle: sound : assuage: grief6. perturb: serenity: reassure: doubt7. sterilization: micrograms: deforestation: trees8. antidote:poison: tonic（补品，兴奋剂）: lethargy9. renounce : pledge: rescind :order10. expiate: guilt : correct: error11. slake: thirst : satiate: hunger12. detoxification: poison: neutralization: acid13. coutermand（撤销订货）: order : revoke（吊销）:license（执照）14. illuminate: darkness : educate: ignorance （无知对黑暗，对的何等的精彩！）15. pesticide: insect : herbicide: plant16. alloy: purity : thin: density17. mollify: anger: hearten: dejection18. clarify: misunderstand : retract: erroneous19. tedious: energy : disturbing: composure20. dissolved: clot : dispersed: crowd （双重对应：clot 和crowd都有一团的感觉）对比：disengaged: chain21. retract : statement : repeal : legistration22. rescind: law : withdraw: candidacy（候选人资格）23. slacken: tension : rarefy: density/concentration : blunt:sharpness24. winnow（扬场，除去谷糠）: chaff（糠皮）: filter:impurities （双重对应：都是除去不好的东西）比较：skim（去油）:cream（油脂，好东东）25. curtail: duration : simplify: complexity26. slacken: tautness : dilute: strength27. lubricate: abrasion : seal : leakage28. embellish : austere : adulterate: pure29. anxious: reassurance : perplexed: clarification30. discompose: pacific : fabricate: authentic31. expiation: guilt : repose: fatigue32. abate: tax : alleviate: distress33. exempt（免除责任）: liability : pardon: penalty（五）缺乏关系1. albino（白化病）: pigment : prairie: tree2. foolish: discretion : impecunious: money3. illiteracy: education: inequity: redistribution4. interregnum: government : hibernation: activity5. suffocate: oxygen : starve: nutrients6. flag: vigor : waver: resolution7. flip: respect : nonchalant: concern8. boundless: limit : impeccable : flaw9. specious: genuineness : illusory: reality: impulsive:deliberation10. neophyte: experience : boor :sensitivity11. melodrama: subtlety（细微差别）: chimera: authenticity（注：melodrama音乐剧，通过对于善恶、好坏的强烈对比来表现矛盾，因而缺乏细微差别。）12. sterile: bacteria : impeccable: flaws13. doldrums: energy : depravity（堕落的人）: virtue14. apathetic: emotion : imprudent : discretion15. impeccable: fault : unblemished: imperfection16. disjointed（脱节的）: coherence : banal :originality :nondescript: hallmark （明显特征）17. amorphousness（无定型）: definition（清晰的轮廓）:lassitude : energy18. insipid : invention : prosaic : imagination19. offensive: tact : poor : money（六）事物及其功能1. ballast : stability : girder: support2. foot: perambulate : eye: observe3. glue: seal : manure（肥料）: fertilize4. blurb（大肆宣传）: notice : gloss : explanation5. blazon: adorn6. splint: immobilize : duct（水渠）: convey7. ruler: measure : scale（秤）: weight : yardstick（码尺）:length : gauge（气压计）: pressure8. die（模具）: shaping : drill : boring9. parenthesis: explanation : apostrophe: omission : ellipsis:omission : asterisk: annotation : caret : interpolation（注： 这是几个标点符号的功能）10. grandstand（正面看台）: impress : equivocate:deceive/mislead11. autobiography : reminisce : eulogy: praise12. colander : drain13. tonic: stimulate : analgesic : deaden（缓和）: sedative:pacity : antiseptic : sterilize14. pillory: ridicule : guillotine: execute15. stockade（畜栏）: enclosure : pillar : support16. pestle: grind : spoon: stir17. bacteria : decomposition : yeast（酵母）: fermentation18. sponge : absorbe : caulk（填缝的东东）: seal19. subterfuge（托词）: deceive : decanter : pour(decanter : a vessel used to decant or to receive decantedliquids)20. microscope: small : telescope: distant21. emollient: suppleness : desiccant: dryness22. tourniquet : blood : dam: water （前者用来止住后者）23. evidence : corroborate : falsehood: calumniate24. bolster : support : tackle: hoist(tackle: an assemblage of ropes and pulleys arranged to gainmechanical advantage for hoisting and pulling)25. stylus（唱针）: mark : lamp : illuminate26. thermometre: temperature : compass : direction27. shunt（转向器）: divert : brake : retard28. sacrifice : worship : augury: prediction（七）目的关系1. study: learn : search : find2. mercenary（唯利是图的）: money : vindictive : revenge :belligerent : fight（且皆为心理范畴）3. hoax: deceive : filibuster: delay （这个很重要！）4. tender: acceptance : exhibit : inspection(tender: to present for acceptance)5. stratagem : deceive : concession : placate6. mediation: compromise : prosecution （起诉）:conviction （定罪）7. fertilize: grow : immunize : resist8. blandishment: coax : medal : honor9. distill: purity : leaven（发面）: volume10. pretense: deceive : admonition : reprove11. oppose : thwart : treat: cure（八）正面特征1. skirmish: insignificance : duel: formality （西方人认为决斗就是正式的）2. pundits: authoritatives : partisan: allegiance3. gush: effusive : rage : irate4. labyrinth : tortuous : ornament: decorative : pageant:splendid5. aphoristic : terse: hyperbolic: exaggerated6. mutter: indisdinct : drone: monotonous （重要！）7. faultfinder: criticize : arbitrator: mediate8. pest: irksome : expert: proficient9. coward: craven : dupe: gullible10. diplomat : tact : inventor : ingenuity11. declamation（夸张的演说）: grandiloquence : diatribe（长篇攻击性演讲）: abuse12. flexibility: limber : frailty（脆弱）: spindly(spindly : frail or flimsy in appearance or structure)13. whim（幻想）: capricious（异想天开的）: fact:objective14. instigator: incite : bully: browbeat15. numb: insensible : burnish（抛光）: lustrous（有光泽的）16. gadfly: annoying : churl : rude17. marsh : sodden : desert :arid18. adhesive（粘合剂）: tackiness（粘性）: scalpel:sharpness19. hiss : sibilant : drone: monotonous20. sycophant : flattery : extortionist: intimidation : maverick:noncomformity21. synopsis: condensed : appendix : supplementory22. stealth: furtive : caprice :whimsical23. banter: playful : hyperbole: exaggerated(banter: to speak to in a witty and teasing manner)24. elegiac: sorrow : devotional（虔诚的）: reverence25. toleration: countenance : objection: demur26. proctor: supervise : prodigal : squander27. redoubtable: awe : despicable : contempt28. panegyric: eulogize : lampoon: satirize29. ardently: passion（激情）: haltingly（吞吞吐吐的）:reluctance ！精采 ！30. zealot: fervor : philanthropist: benevolence : spendthrift:improvidence31. pernicious: injure : disingenuous: mislead32. conspirators: collusion : partners: cooperation33. vernacular: place : jargon: profession34. endemic: region : inborn（与生俱来）: individual35. ennui（倦怠）: listless : rebellion: defiant36. paean: joy/praise : dirge : grief(paean: 欢乐颂，表达欢乐或颂扬之情）37. dilettante: superficiality : partisan: bias38. altruist: selflessness : connoiseur : expertise39. cornucopia: abundance : mace : authority40. daredevil : audacity : malcontent: dissatisfied41. stickler（坚持细节的人）: exacting（严格的）:defeatist （失败主义者）: resigned（辞职的，退隐的）42. vaudeville（综艺表演，杂耍表演）: variety43. placebo: innocuous : salve（油膏）: unctuous（油脂的）44. juggernaut（摧毁一切的强大力量）: crush : quisling:betray45. martial（好战的）: military : runic: mysterious46. swing（秋千）: vacillation : scooter（单脚滑行车）:momentum47. chiaroscuro（明暗对比）: contrast : tapestry: intricacy48. exhortation: motivate : invective: discredit49. palmy（繁荣的）: prosperity : draconian（严格的）:severity（严格）50. veto : prohibitive : overture: introductory : caveat: warning(veto: an authoritative prohibition; overture: the orchestral introduction to a musical dramaticwork; caveat: a warning enjoining one from certain acts orpractices) （重要！）51.teaching : didactic : urge: exhortive52. generality: ecumenical : integrity : entire （重要！）53. philanthrope: eleemosynary（慈善的，施舍的）54. imperial: significant : grotesque（奇形怪状的人或物）:fantasy55. glutton: overindulge : ascetic: self-deny56. pundit: opine（发表意见）: augur: prediction57. alibi（辩解）: exculpatory : warning : admonitory58. patronize: condescension : deride : mockery（重要！）59. malestrom : turbulent : mirage: illusory60. polemic: disputatious : invective: abusive61. cipher: cryptic : precis : concise62. parsimony: miser : rebelliousness : insurgent63. narcissist: self-absorbed : sycophant: obsequious64. palatable: savory : discernible: manifest65. skimp: parsimonious : shirk（逃避）: indolent66. caviler: carping : libertine: licentiousness67. amenity: comfortable : honorarium: grateful68. bootless（无用的）: futility : effulgent（光辉灿烂的） :resplendence69. coma: unconsciousness : delirium: confusion70. conducive: foment : tonic: invigorate71. digress: excursive : reiterate: redundant72. dodder（走路不稳）: unsteady : cavort（腾跃）:sprightly（轻快的）73. exponent : advocate : pollster（民意调查家）: canvass（细致调查）74. didactic: instruct : comic :amuse75. venerable: reverence : despicable: scorn76. scoop（勺子）: concave（凹陷）: spatula: flat : beater: round77. venial（可宽恕的）: excuse : pellucid :understand78. bromide: hackneyed(bromide: a: a commonplace or tiresome person : BORE b :a commonplace or hackneyed statement or notion)79. burlesque: mockery80. exemplary（值得仿效的）: imitation : culpable（有罪的）: blame : notable（值得注意的）: attention : redoubtable:regard（九）反面特征1. fawn: imperiousness : equivocate: directness2. audacious: trepidation : laconic: volubility3. decrepit（衰败的）: vitality（生机勃勃）4. coward: brave : philanthropist : selfish5. truculent（残忍的，野蛮的）: gentleness : unregenerate（死不悔改的）: remorse（悔改）6. taciturn: chatter（喋喋不休）: magnanimous: begrudge7. frank: secretiveness : honest: mendacity8. democratic: autocracy : callow : maturity9. indecorous（无礼的）: propriety: boorish（粗鄙的）:sensitivity（敏感性）10. yokel（乡巴佬）: sophistication（世故）: coward :courage11. dingy（昏暗的）: glisten : slippery: adhere12. partisanship: disinterested : probity（正直、廉洁、诚实）: venal（贪污的，腐败的）13. circular: asymmetrical : protean（变化无常的）: rigid14. shiftless（得过且过的）: ambition : ingenuous :guile15. anomaly: paradigmatic : blemish: flawless16. terseness: superfluous : spontaneity: studied（造作的）17. miser: munificent : zealot: blase（厌烦于享乐的）18. dour（阴沉的）: geniality : bumptious（自大的）:humbleness19. precarious: stability : spent（失去效能的）:efficacy20. rigid: bend : buoyant: submerge21. eccentric: conventional : doyen（老前辈）: uninitiated22. craven: admirable : deft :awkward23. ingenuous: dissemble : raffish: preen : polite :snub24. hard-liner（不妥协者）: compromise : laudable:depreciate（贬低）25. frivolous（轻浮的）: gravity（严肃）: brash（冒失无礼的）:discretion26. genteel: vulgarity : intrepid : fear27. snub: politeness : dissemble :honesty28. abstemious: indulge : austere: decorate29. euphemism: offense : aphorism: diffuse30. labyrinthine: simplicity : jejune（无趣的）: interest31. amorphous: shape : errant/wandering :course32. bigot: tolerance : turncoat（背叛者）: constancy33. default（拖欠）: pay : yield: resist34. immature: developed : incipient/inchoate: realized35. maverick: conformity : renegade : loyalty : extrovert :reserve36. perfunctorily : inspiration : insolently: veneration37. exorbitant: moderation : perfidious : loyalty38. reticent: speak : parsimonious: spend39. alchemy: science : nostrum : remedy40. stupor: alert : despair: hopeful41. renegade: allegiance : apostate: faith42. bigot: tolerance : liar: honesty43. abstemious: indulgence44. abandon（放纵）: inhibition : tranquility: agitation45. profligate: solvent（有偿债能力的）: mercurial :committed（受约束的）46. ascetic: indulge : libertine: restrain : liberal : stint47. pluck: quit : pride: grovel48. inevitable: chance : absolute: variability49. stickler: approximation : purist: adulteration50. equivocation: truth : obfuscation : clarity51. vegetarian（素食主义者）: meat : hermit: society52. contumacious : authority : hidebound/conservation:change/ innovation/novelty（十）动作及其表达内心思想感情1. blush: dicomfited（困窘的）: sneer: contemptuous :gloat（幸灾乐祸）: smug（自鸣得意）2. exult（狂喜）: satisfaction : crave（翘首以待，望眼欲穿）: longing（渴望）3. cower: fear : rant（咆哮，怒吼）: anger4. swagger（趾高气扬）: bravado（虚张声势，假勇）:caress（爱抚）: affection5. snub: disdain : double-cross: disloyalty6. gripe/complain: discontent : praise: admiration7. obeisance: submission : embrace: affection8. wince（因疼痛而退缩）: pain : smile: pleasure : pout（噘嘴）: displeasure9. kneel: submission : nod :assent10. shrug: indifference11. scorn: reject : adulate: flatter12. apologize: contrite : compliment: impressed（十一）同义词1. flourish: thrive : rot :decay2. contiguous: abut : simultaneous: coincide3. compendium: summary : anthology: collection4. circumspect: prudence : urbane : polish5. opportune: convenience : impermanent : transience6. agrarian: farming : arboreal : trees7. embarrass（使不安，使痛心，阻止）: mortify（使痛心，使悔恨 ） : indulge : mollycoddle8. furtive : surreptitious : incisive : trenchant9. verbose: prolix : penury : poverty10. stratum: layer11. homogenization: uniform : putrefaction: rotten12. frugal : penurious : compliant: obsequious13. tightfisted（小气的）: parsimonious : brattish（淘气的）: mischievous（十二）容易关系1. testy（易怒的）: annoy : tractable: control2. evanescent: disappear : pliant: yield3. fragile: break : flammable: burn4. authoritative: acceptance : conspicuous: attention5. volatile: evaporate : soluble: dissolve6. friable: crumble : malleable: alter7. gullible: chicanery : servile: domination8. conspicuous : see : transparent: understand（十三）因果关系1. odious: disgust : menacing : fear2. sedative: drowsiness : anesth