汽车变速器课程毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 1 TRANSMISSION Manual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referred to as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, two input shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose. The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission. Input shaft also says, its in front of the spline shaft directly with clutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The first shaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaft gear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmission shaft, through to drive to gear reducer. Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaft gear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also control device, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction. Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio, the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can accept power transmission. Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of their gear rotating, transform an synchronization problem. Two rotating speed different meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use two feet clutch method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Therefore designers to create synchronizer, through the synchronizer will make the meshing gears reach speed and smooth. Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc, it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization. Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface of 车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 2 gear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid produces a locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapid decrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spun concurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process. functional (1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for traction engine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the different demands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reached on 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistance When carrying uphill, driving resistance was great. And the characteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range. (2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction, and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverse to realize the car drive backward. (3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power of the drive wheels. (4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat. constitute By continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control two parts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of the operation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize the transformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle, Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of gear transmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of different transmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is also shifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gear 车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 3 pair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work. Classification, 1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three. (a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axis of rotation. b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic type etc. (c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission and stepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change. 2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds. (a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers. (b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear. (c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into two kinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory) shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedal or accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance 1 transmission gears maintenance Transmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear tooth surface by blunt The impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are: (1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the direction of the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer, Tooth thickness should not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60 mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced. (2) gear teeth, broken tooth gear clearance is mainly due to fail to meet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load. If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiu 车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 4 after-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs, should smile. (3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30 mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50. (4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neck with clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed. 2 the overhaul. Transmission shell Gearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are: (1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with 0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replaced or 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair. (2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screw hole threads connecting bolts damage and between shell Threaded hole, can take damage with screw repair. 3 transmission shaft of maintenance Transmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsional moment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are: (1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not only offset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noise transmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearing damage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwise than 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome. (2) JianChi wear JianChi wear in stress and more serious side of the spline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more than usd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neck keyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft. (3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft with maintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair. 4 synchronizer overhaul A. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock horns cone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation of 车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 5 rapid synchronous, and not be change in time. B. locking pin type inertial synchronizer: locking pin type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced. If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced. 车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 6 变速器 手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称 MT。它的基本构造用一句话概括，就是两轴一中轴，即指输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴，它们构成了变速器的主体，当然还有一根倒档轴。手动变速器又称手动齿轮式变速器，含有可以在轴向滑动的齿轮 ，通过不同齿轮的啮合达到变速变扭目的。典型的手动变速器结构及原理如下。 输入轴也称第一轴，它的前端花键直接与离合器从动盘的花键套配合，从而传递由发动机过来的扭矩。第一轴上的齿轮与中间轴齿轮常啮合，只要输入轴一转，中间轴及其上的齿轮也随之转动。中间轴也称副轴，轴上固连多个大小不等的齿轮。输出轴又称第二轴，轴上套有各前进档齿轮，可随时在操纵装置的作用下与中间轴的对应齿轮啮合，从而改变本身的转速及扭矩。输出轴的尾端有花键与传动轴相联，通过传动轴将扭矩传送到驱动桥减速器。 由此可知，变速器前进档位的驱动路径是：输 入轴常啮齿轮中间轴常啮齿轮中间轴对应齿轮第二轴对应齿轮。倒车轴上的齿轮也可以由操纵装置拨动，在轴上移动，与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合 ,以相反的旋转方向输出。 多数汽车都有 5 个前进档和一个倒档，每个档位有一定的传动比，多数档位传动比大于 1，第 4 档传动比为 1，称为直接档，而传动比小于 1 的第 5 档称为加速档。空档时输出轴的齿轮处于非啮合位置，无法接受动力传输。 由于变速器输入轴与输出轴以各自的速度旋转，变换档位时存在一个 同步 问题。两个旋转速度不一样齿轮强行啮合必然会发生冲击碰撞，损坏齿轮。因此，旧式变速 器的换档要采用 两脚离合 的方式，升档在空档位置停留片刻，减档要在空档位置加油门，以减少齿轮的转速差。但这个操作比较复杂，难以掌握精确。因此设计师创造出 同步器 ，通过同步器使将要啮合的齿轮达到一致的转速而顺利啮合。 目前全同步式变速器上采用的是惯性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步器锁环等组成，它的特点是依靠摩擦作用实现同步。接合套、同步器锁环和待接合齿轮的齿圈上均有倒角（锁止角），同步器锁环的内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触产生摩擦。锁止角与锥面在设计时已作了适当选择，锥面摩擦使得待啮合的齿套与齿圈迅速同步， 同时又会产生一种锁止作用，防止齿轮在同步前进行啮合。当同步锁环内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齿轮转速迅速降低（或升高）到与同步锁环转速相等，两者同步旋转，齿轮相对于同步锁环的转速为零，因而惯性力矩也同时消失，这时在作用力的推动下，接合套不受阻碍地与同步锁环齿圈接合，并进一步与待接合齿轮的齿圈接合而完成换档过程。 功能 (1)改变传动比，满足不同行驶条件对牵引力的需要，使发动机尽量工作在有利的工况下，满足可能的行驶速度要求。 在较大范围内改变汽车行驶速度的大小和汽车驱动轮上扭矩的大 小。由于汽车行驶条件不同，要求汽车行驶速度和驱动扭矩能在很大范围内变化。例如，在高速路上车速应能达到 100km/h，而在市区内，车速常在 50km/h 左右。空车在平直的公路上行驶时，行驶阻力很小，则当满载上坡时，行驶阻力便很大。而 汽车发车辆与动力工程学院毕业论文 7 动机 的特性是转速变化范围较小，而转矩变化范围更不能满足实际路况需要。 (2)实现倒车行驶，用来满足汽车倒退行驶的需要。实现倒车行驶汽车，发 动机曲轴一般都是只能向一个方向转动的，而汽车有时需要能倒退行驶，因此，往往利用变速箱中设置的倒档来实现汽车倒车行驶。 (3)中断动力传递，在发动机起动，怠速运转，汽车换档或需要停车进行动力输出时，中断向驱动轮的动力传递。 (4)实现空档，当离合器接合时，变速箱可以不输出动力。例如，可以保证驾驶员在发动机不熄火时松开离合器踏板离开驾驶员座位。 构成 变速箱由变速传动机构和变速操纵机构两部分组成。变速传动机构的主要作用是改变转矩和转速的数值和方向；操纵机构的主要作用是控制传动机构，实现变速器传动比的变 换，即实现换档，以达到变速变矩 。 原理 机械式变速箱主要应用了齿轮传动的降速原理。简单的说，变速箱内有多组传动比不同的齿轮副，而汽车行驶时的换档行为，也就是通过操纵机构使变速箱内不同的齿轮副工作。如在低速时，让传动比大的齿轮副工作，而在高速时，让传动比小的齿轮副工作。 分类 1、按传动比的变化方式划分，变速器可分为有级式、无级式和综合式三种。 (a)有级式变速器：有几个可选择的固定传动比，采用齿轮传动。又可分为：齿轮轴线固定的普通齿轮变速器和部分齿轮 (行星齿轮 )轴线旋转的行星齿轮变速器两种。 (b)无级式变速器 :传动比可在一定范围内连续变化 ,常见的有液力式 ,机械式和电力式等。 (c)综合式变速器：由有级式变速器和无级式变速器共同组成的，其传动比可以在最大值与最小值之间几个分段的范围内作无级变化。 2、按操纵方式划分，变速器可以分为强制操纵式，自动操纵式和半自动操纵式三种。 (a)强制操纵式变速器：靠驾驶员直接操纵变速杆换档。 (b)自动操纵式变速器：传动比的选择和换档是自动进行的。驾驶员只需操纵加速踏板，变速器就可以根据发动机的负荷信号和车速信号来控制执行元件，实现档位的变换 。 (c)半自动操纵式变速器：可分为两类，一类是部分档位自动换档，部分档位手动 (强制 ) 换档；另一类是预先用按钮选定档位，在采下