2015高考阅读新题型(教师).doc

高考阅读理解之阅读新题型1.【2015北京卷】（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分。共 10 分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出正确的填入空白处。选项中有两项为多余选项。This Way to DreamlandDaydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy._1_They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things. But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. _2_ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams._ 3_ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another taskpreferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.Its also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep._4_Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away._5_Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.C. Without wandering minds, we wouldnt have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes.D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.G. Therefore, its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone.【考点定位】生活类短文阅读【名师点睛】本文是七选五常考的建议类说明文，第1、2自然段为概念的提出及导入，第3段明确了下文的内容：如何在“白日做梦”中趋利避害。文章结构清晰，干扰选项较易排除，整体难度不大，文章的主题“如何培养创新的想法”，除了理解整篇文章及选项外还要注意文章中的副词，代词，逻辑连接词以及特殊概念名词的出现。文章结构清晰，可读性强，提示词明显。因此，日常练习中要侧重以抓住文章结构及段落主旨为主，兼顾辨析选项，尤其是根据核心词排除干扰项的做题技巧。学生需要遵循先易后难的原则，来提高正确率。2.【2015江苏】任务型阅读 (共 10 小题; 每小题 1 分, 满分 10 分) 请阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。People select news in expectation of a reward. This reward may be either of two kinds. One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle, the other to what he calls the Reality Principle. For want of better names, we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.In general, the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption, accidents and disasters, sports, social events, and human interest. Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs, economic matters, social problems, science, education, and health.News of the first kind pays its rewards at once. A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved. He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder, shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane, identify himself with the winning team, laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.News of the second kind, however, pays its rewards later. It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance as, for example, when he reads of the threatening foreign situation, the mounting national debt, rising taxes, falling market, scarce housing, and cancer. It has a kind of “threat value.” It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared. When a reader selects delayed reward news, he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work. When he selects news of the other kind, he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.For any individual, of course, the boundaries of these two classes are not stable. For example, a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem, rather than for its immediate reward. A coach may read a sports story for its threat value: he may have to play that team next week. A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting, not for its delayed reward, but very much as his wife reads an account of a party. In any given story of corruption or disaster, a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience, but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness. Therefore, while the division of categories holds in general, an individuals tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another, or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.What news stories do you read?Division ofnews stories People expect to get (1) _ from reading news. News stories are roughly divided into two classes. Some news will excite their readers instantly while others wont.(2)_ofthe two classes News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual (3)_ . Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and (4)_similar feelings with those involved. News of delayed reward will make readers suffer, or present a (5) _to them. News of delayed reward will induce the reader to (6)_for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to (7)_from the reality.Unstable boundariesof the two classes What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their (8) _. Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and (9)_ themselves to the reality. Thus, the division, on the whole, (10)_on the reader.1rewards/rewarded2Explanations 3involvement4share5threat6prepare7withdraw8profession(s)/intention9adapt10depends【解析】文章结合弗洛伊德心理学理论，分析了不同人群对新闻报道的接受习惯和反应特征，从新闻类别、读者反应、异类互渗等角度考察了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。难度较2014年有所下降，重点考查考察信息转换题，涉及词性和词义转换，学生“有据可循”，归纳概括题比例明显下降。1信息查找题。根据“People select news in expectation of a reward. This reward may be either of two kinds.”可知此处填rewards/rewarded“得到回报/被奖励”。2信息归纳题。文章二、三、四段是对“immediate reward（即时回报）”和“delayed reward（迟来的回报）”的解释。3信息转换题。根据第三段第二句“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.”可知此处填involvement“参与”。4信息归纳题。根据第三段中“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved. He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.”可知读者会将自己和新闻故事中发生的事紧紧联系在一起，和参与者有相似的感受。因此此处填share“同样有”。5信息查找题。根据第四段中“It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance as, for example, when he reads of the threatening foreign situation, It has a kind of threat value.”可知此处填threat“威胁”。6信息转换题。根据第四段中“It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.”可知此处填prepare，与后面的介词for搭配“为做准备”。7信息查找题。根据第四段中“When he selects news of the other kind, he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.” 此处填withdraw “退出，离开”。8归纳概括题。根据最后一段中“For example, a sociologist may A coach may A politician may ”可知读者对新闻故事的期待很大程度上受他们职业的影响。此处填profession(s)“职业”/intention“意图，动机”。9信息查找题。根据第四段中“When a reader selects delayed reward news, he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.”可知此处填adapt“使适应”。10归纳概括题。根据最后一段中“while the division of categories holds in general, an individuals tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another, or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.”可知这一分类取决于读者个体。此处填depends，和后面的介词on搭配“取决于”。【考点定位】任务型阅读。【名师点睛】任务型阅读一般的解题思路可归纳为四步曲，即“审题”“略读”“边细读边解题”“复核”。“审题”，即看清题目及要求，做到有的放矢，心中有数。“略读”，指的是快速阅读、掌握大意。了解阅读材料的文体，作者的观点和态度。“边细读边解题”，指通过细读题目和文章中相关信息完成指定任务。考生应注意表格前的小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句，有助于理解文章。理解表格设计，表格一般包括列标题和行标题，通过阅读这些标题和表格里的内容，可迅速了解表格的结构和表格的设计原理，同时也可缩小信息范围，确定考查内容。根据已填的内容来推断所填之词的形式，是单词或词组。填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致。同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。“复核”即检查核对初步完成的所要求的任务。注意拼写是否正确以及大小写等。3.【2015天津】阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）Six days a week, up and down the red hills of northeast Georgia, my grandfather brought the mail to the folks there. At age 68, he retired from the post office, but he never stopped serving the community. On his 80th birthday, I sent him a letter, noting the things we all should be thankful for good health, good friends and good outcomes. By most measurements he was a happy man. Then I suggested it was time for him to slow down. At long last, in a comfortable home, with a generous pension, he should learn to take things easy. “Thank you for your nice words,” he wrote in his letter back, “and I know what you meant, but slowing down scares me. Life isnt having it made; its getting it made.” “The finest and happiest years of our lives were not when all the debts were paid, and all difficult experiences had passed, and we had settled into a comfortable home. No. I go back years ago, when we lived in a three-room house, when we got up before daylight and worked till after dark to make ends meet. I rarely had more than four hours of sleep. But what I still cant figure out is why I never got tired, never felt better in my life. I guess the answer is, we were fighting for survival, protecting and providing for those we loved. What matters are not the great moments, but the partial victories, the waiting, and even the defeats. Its the journey, not the arrival, that counts.”The letter ended with a personal request: “Boy, on my next birthday, just tell me to wake up and get going, because I will have one less year to do things and there are ten million things waiting to be done.”Christina Rossetti, an English poet, once said: “Does the road wind uphill all the way? Yes, to the very end.” Today, at 96, my grandfather is still on that long road, climbing.1. What was the authors grandfather before he retired? (no more than 5 words)2. What did the author advise his grandfather to do in his letter? (no more than 10 words)3. What is the grandfathers view on life according to his letter back? (no more than 10 words)4. How do you understand the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? (no more than 10 words)5. Do you agree with the grandfathers view on life? Give reasons in your own words, (no more than 20 words)【答案】1. He was a postman. Or: He worked in a post-office.2. He advised him to slow down (and take things easy). / He advised he/his grandfather (should) slow down.3. The process is more important than the result.Or: A man should not slow down however old he is.Or: Life isnt having it made; its getting it made. / Its the journey, not the arrival that counts.4. My/His/The grandfather is still busy doing meaningful things. Or: The grandfather is still living an active life.Or: The grandfather is still involved in whatever he can do.5. Yes. One should always be full of passion in his life no matter how old he is. Or: People should make full use of their time to do something meaningfulNo. It is more sensible for people to slow down and enjoy an easy life in their old age. Or: Slowing down contributes to better health and longer life for people in old age.【解析】作者的爷爷曾经是名邮寄员，然而退休之后一直忙于做一些有意义的事情。作者写信给爷爷让他多休息休息，但爷爷回信说他任然坚持他的忙碌的生活。1. 细节归纳题。根据文章第一段At age 68, he retired from the post office可以归纳出答案，注意字数的限制。2. 细节归纳题。根据文章第二段Then I suggested it was time for him to slow down.可知作者在信中建议他爷爷放慢速度。特别注意动词advise的用法。3. 细节归纳题。根据文章第四段Its the journey, not the arrival, that counts等内容可以归纳出答案。4. 句意猜测题。根据上文的内容可以推测出，他爷爷仍然在忙于做有意义的事情。5. 开放题。首先要回答同意不同意他爷爷的生活观，并且陈述自己的理由。【考点定位】阅读表达。【名师点睛】本文是一篇记叙文。整体文章易懂，但题目设置灵活，总体难度中等。考生不但要从文章中找出答案，还要根据问题的设置归纳出相应的答案。书写答案的时候，考生要注意语法结构的正确以及字数的限制。4.【2015新课标全国II】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs. 1 , buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 2 . As always, you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. 3 , it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. 4 . After two weeks, start timing yourself. 5 . Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.A. After six daysB. For a good marathon runnerC. Before you begin your trainingD. With each day, increase the distance by a half mileE. If they still feel good, you can begin running in themF. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of trainingG. Now you are ready out a goal of improving distance and time【解析】本文是以如何锻炼马拉松为话题，提到从长期的角度说应该做到精心准备，循序渐进。这样才能达到锻炼的目的。1. C 考查对上下文的理解。上文提到跑马拉松，下文说买一双合脚的鞋子。所以这里应该是Before you begin your training训练前的准备工作。故选C。2. E考查对上下文的理解。上文提到：穿着鞋走走路以确保合适，下文提到跑。所以这里应该说If they still feel good, you can begin running in them如果穿着的感觉很好，就可以跑了。故选E。3. A考查对上下文的理解。上文提到练习的第一周怎么做，下文提到第二周，所以这里应该是After six days，练习一周后稍做休息，一周是6天，故选A。4. D考查对上下文的理解。这里在讨论逐渐加长跑步的距离，每天增加一定的距离才合理，故选D With each day, increase the distance by a half mile。5. G考查对上下文的理解。最后是提速。在规定的距离内如何训练自己跑得快。这样才能参加比赛。故选G Now you are ready out a goal of improving distance and time。【考点定位】生活类短文阅读。【名师点睛】本文是给体育锻炼提建议。这是七选五短文常考的类型。这类题的思路清楚，考生容易把握文章的结构，为填充缺失的信息打下好的基础。本题的首句是关键的理解点。下文都围绕这句展开。所以填对的根据在于正确理解全文和摸清文章的脉络。5.【2015新课标全国I】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。Building Trust in a Relationship AgainTrust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences, _1_ .Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.Unfortunately, weve all been victims of betrayal. Whether weve been stolen from, lied to , misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore, _2_. Its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.l _3_ having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.l _4_ If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, well have our trust tested or violated.l You didnt los