nearly_almost区别.doc

46.课文中有这样一个句子:-He isnt particular about his food. -Yes, he eats _ anything. A. nearly B. almost C. mostly 问:为什么该题的最佳答案是almost? 答:首先让我们看看这三个选项的意思各是什么。1. almost=very nearly,表示几乎、差不多,常可互换使用。例如: Its almost/nearly ten oclock.差不多10点了。He fell off a tree and almost/nearly died.他从树上摔下来,几乎丧命。析:从事实角度讲,almost比nearly的差距更小。从说话人的心理角度来讲, almost暗含还有距离,nearly暗含似无差别。比如上面的例句,第一句用almost比nearly反映出时间更接近10点,但用almost反映出说话人的心理活动是还差一点儿才到10点,若用nearly则反映出说话人的心理活动是可以说已到10点了。第2句也是这样:用almost反映出说话人的心理活动是还活着;用nearly反映出说话人的心理活动是快死了。所以用almost,还是使用nearly,说话人的心理活动是关键。. 2. almost和nearly可互换使用的场合(1)在肯定句中The old man is almost/nearly 90 years old.这个老人快90岁了。(2)修饰all, every, always等时I go to bed at ten almost/nearly every day.我几乎每天都是10点钟上床睡觉。(3)在行为动词的否定式前He almost/nearly didnt hear what I said.他几乎没听到我讲些什么。3.只能用almost的场合(1)修饰no, none, never, any以及由no或any的合成词。例如: I have almost nothing to do today.今天我几乎没什么事可做。This word is to be found in almost any dictionary.这个词几乎在任何一本词典中都可以查到。There is almost none left.几乎什么也没留下。(2)修饰表示感觉或心理的动词或形容词。例如: I almost think you are right.我还不完全相信你是对的。(3)修饰more than和too。例如: Thats almost too much.这简直是太过分了。4.只能用nearly的场合(1)被very, not, pretty修饰时。例如: Im not nearly ready.我还没有准备好。I know pretty nearly all the secrets of his married life.我几乎知道他的全部婚姻生活的秘密。注意:not nearly=far from,much less than差得远,远远不够。例如: There is not nearly enough money for a new car.买一部新车的钱远远不够。几乎不只能用hardly,不能用nearly not也不能说almost not。(2)表示要做什么事但后来没有做或避开不做时。例如: We nearly called to see you last Saturday.我们上周六差点来看你。5. mostly用作副词,意思是大体上、主要地、大部分、多半、通常等。例如: She is mostly out on Sundays.她周日多半不在家。The students in our school are mostly from cities.我们学校的学生大部分来自城市。注意:almost和mostly用作副词时,意思是不同的。例如: Your answers are almost correct.你的答案非常正确51. 英语的定语从句中，引导词只能用that的情况有哪些(1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 (b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 (c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。 (d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. (e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 (f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时 (g) 为了避免重复 (h)先行词是the way时 举例： Is this the book that you borrowed in the library? 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？ Who that break the window should be punished 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 54. 反义疑问句用法一般情态动词的反义疑问句和实义动词（一般动词）的反义疑问句是一样的:They work hard, dont they? 但must分有4种情况（1,2,3是根据表示的意思不同而分的。4一般不要求掌握）1。You mustnt stop your car here,must you? （mustnt表示“禁止，不可，不必”时，附加问句通常要用must. ）2。They must finish the work today,neednt they? （must表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用neednt. ）3。He must be good at English,isnt he? （当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。 ）4。She must have read the novel last week,didnt she? 祈使句的反义疑问句:1）一般情况下用will you 或 wont you。 e.g. Give me a hand,will you? Leave all the things as they are,wont you? 2)以Lets开头的祈使句，疑问句用shall we;以Let us或Let me开头的祈使句，问句用will you。 e.g. Lets go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go out for a walk, will you? 反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom , rarely , nothing , nobody 等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如： She never tells a lie, does she?(不用doesnt she?) He was seldom late, was he?(不用wasnt he?)五、 反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。如： Your father is unhappy, isnt he?(不能用is he?) The man is dishonest, isnt he? (不能用is he?)It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isnt it?(不能用is it ?)六、反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am时，问句部分习惯上用arent I？表示。如： I am a very honest man, arent I? 七、主从复合句的反意疑问句有以下四种情况： （1）并列复合句疑问部分，助动词应与邻近从句的谓语一致. 如：Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?（2）带有定语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如： They all think that English is very important, dont they? (不用isnt it?) He didnt think that the news was true, did he? (不用wasnt/ was it?)（3）带有定语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句，若其陈述部分为I(We) think(believe, suppose, consider, expect) + that从句及其否定形式时，问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如： I think that he has done his best, hasnt he? We think that English is very useful, isnt it? (不用dont we?) I dont think that you can do it, can you? (不用do I?) We dont believe that the news is true, is it? (不用do we?) 八、陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如：To do one good deed is easy for a person, isnt it? Skating is your favorite sport, isnt it? 九、陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替如： What he said is true, isnt it? (不用didnt he?) Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用wont we?) 十、陈述部分的主语是this ; that 时，疑问部分的主语用it ; 陈述部分的主语是these ; those 时，疑问部分的主语用they如： Thats your sister, isnt it ? These were building workers, werent they ? 十一、陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时，问句部分的主语用it。如：Something is wrong with the computer, isnt it? Nothing has happened to them, has it?十二、陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one), everybody(everyone)时，问句部分的主语用he或 they，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如：Someone has taken the seat, hasnt he? Everyone has done their best in the game, havent they?十三、陈述部分为祈使句时，除以Lets引导的问句部分shall we? 如： Lets go home together, shall we? 外，其余祈使句(无论肯、否定)，问句部分一般用will you?形式表示请求如：Let us stop to rest, will you? You feed the bird today, will you? Please open the window, will you? Dont make any noise, will you?十四、陈述部分用One做主语时，疑问部分的主语有正式场合用one, 在非正式场合用you.如： One should be polite to the old , shouldnt one / shouldnt you ?十五、陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时，问句部分用：be(not)+there(here)?形式。但当其中有其它助动词时，则用其它助动词+there?如：There are two cakes on the plate, arent there? Here is a story about Mark Twain, isnt here? There will be a concert tonight , wont there ? 十六、陈述部分含tooto结构，疑问部分用肯定形式。如：The little boy is too young to go to school, is he ?十七、在 “It is that ”句型中，疑问部分用isnt it ? 如： Its the third time that you have been here, isnt it ?十八、陈述部分的谓语是wish (to do )时，疑问部分用 may+主语？ 如：I wish to have a word with you , may I ?十九、陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时，问句部分用hadnt +主语？形式。如：Youd better tell him about the matter, hadnt you? We had better do it by ourselves, hadnt we? 二十、陈述部分用主语+used to时，问句部分用didnt + 主语？或usednt +主语？形式。 如：He used to live in the country, didnt he?/usednt he? They used to be good friends, didnt they?/usednt they? 二十一、陈述部分含must的反意疑问句（1）当用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式did.如： He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didnt he? (不用mightnt he?/ hasnt he?) You must have got up late this morning, didnt you?(不用mustnt you?/havent you?)（2）当用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式如：Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, havent they? (不用mustnt they/ didnt they ?) You must have worked there, havent you?(不用mustnt you?/ didnt you?)（3）当must表“必须”时，疑问部分用mustnt. 如：We must obey the laws, mustnt we ?（4）当must表“有必要”时，疑问部分用neednt. 如：You must finish your homework first, neednt you?（5）当must be表“一定、必定”时，疑问部分助动词就用be. 如：He must be very tired after running, isnt he ? 当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go our for a walk, will you?Turn on the radio, will you?带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。 We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。 She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?must在表推测时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。 He must be there now, isnt he? It must be going to rain tomorrow, wont it? 60. 主语从句主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类： 第一类，用从属连词that引导的主语从句，例如： That we shall be late is certain. That the driver could not control his car was obvious. 这种结构主要是对that从句的内容进行强调，属正式文体，连词that不可以省略；但是在一般情况下，往往使用先行it结构，即用it作形式主语，而把that从句放到后面，这时，在口语中，连词that有时则可以省略。所以上述两句可以改为： It is certain that we shall be late. It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. 如果整个句子是疑问形式，就只能用先行it结构，例如： Is it true that he would take the risk？ Is it possible that they will come tomorrow？ 常使用先行it结构，用that从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型： 1、It + be + 形容词 + that从句： It is clear that he was telling the truth. Its probable that well be a little late. 2、It + be + 名词词组 + that从句： Its a pity that you cant go with us. 3、It + 及物动词 + 宾语 + that从句： It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. It shocked me that Peter didnt tell anybody where he was. 4、It + be + 过去分词 + that从句： It is said that he has been there many times. 5、It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词 + that从句： It seems that he has lost something. 注意： 在上述第1和第2两种句型中，that从句前置与使用先行it，that从句后置在意义上没有什么差异；但使用先行it结构较为常见。 在第3种句型中，that从句前置在语法上是可能的，但实际上并不常见，通常总是使用先行it结构 . 第4种句型实质上是被动结构，由于that从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语，所以只能使用先行it结构。 第5种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系，that从句不能前置，只能使用先行it结构，不过，这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句，例如： It happened that I had no money with me that day. I happened to have no money with me that day.第二类，用连接代词who、whose、which、what，连接副词when、where、how、why，以及连词whether（或if）引导的主语从句，例如： Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear. It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident. What he did is not yet known. It is not yet known what he did. Whether it is true remains a problem. It remains a problem whether / if it is true. 从以上例句可以看出，这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语，也可以使用先行it结构，把主语从句放在后面，两种结构可以互换，意义上无差异，但用if 引导主语从句时，只能采取先行it结构，也就是说if不可以引导置于句首的主语从句。 第三类，用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever等代词引导的主语从句，例如： What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone. Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder. 这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组，即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，例如： What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle. The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle. Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished. Anyone who breaks the law is sure to be punished. 切记，这类主语从句不可以使用先行it结构。上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似，但实际上是不同的。第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来，以whether/if引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来，自然含有疑问的意味，例如： When they will have the sports meet is still a question. When will they have the sports meet？ Who he is doesnt concern me. Who is he？ Whether he will join us wont make too much difference. Will he join us？ 而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味。 试比较下列各句： What caused the accident is a complete mystery. What caused the accident was a broken bottle. What she looks like doesnt matter. What shed like is a digital watch. 上述各句中尽管都有一个以what引导的主语从句，但其意义不尽相同；第和句中的主语从句系由“What caused the accident？”和“What does she look like？”转化而来，所以可以改成： It is a complete mystery what caused the accident. It doesnt matter what she looks like. 第句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which shed like”，所以不含疑问意味，因此不可以说： It was a broken bottle what caused the accident. It is a digital watch what shed like. 但是可以说： It was a broken bottle that caused the accident. It is a digital watch that shed like. 不过，这已不是主语从句，而是强调结构了。主语从句的基本用法在句中作主语的名词性从句称为主语从句， 主语从句所对应的谓语动词通常用第三人称单数的形式。为了整个句子的平衡， 主语从句经常后置， 并用it充当形式主语(此时， that引导的主语从句若不放在句首， 可以省略引导词that)。例如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。/ Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。/ It is a pity (that) we havent contacted for ages. 很遗憾， 我们几年没联系了。/ It has not been decided where the meeting is to be held. 在哪里开会还没决定。/ It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。注意： 不要混淆it 作形式主语指代主语从句与it引导强调句型的情况： it作形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构， 主语从句的连接词没有变化； it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调， 无论强调的是什么成分， 都可用连词that(被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom) / 区分it 作形式主语指代主语从句与it引导强调句型的有效技巧是： 将“It be . that .”中的it be和that去掉后， 句子仍然成立的是强调句， 句子不能成立的是that引导的主语从句。例如： It was my suggestion that made him confident of success. 正是我的建议使他对成功有了自信。 去掉it be和that后可以构成完整的强调句型的原型“My suggestion made him confident of success.”， 因此本句属于强调句。It is my suggestion that he needs more practice. 他需要更多的练习是我的建议。去掉it be和that后本句讲不通， 因此本句属于主语从句。考题1 _ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. (2006辽宁)A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever答案 A解析 题干中的主语从句特指“使得这家商店与众不同的事物”， 而且没有强调“使得这家商店与众不同的任何事物”之意， 应选用what引导主语从句。考题2 _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. (2002上海春)A. What B. That C. This D. Which答案 B解析 陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句， 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分， 有这样用法的引导词只能是that。考题3 _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (1996)A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where答案 B解析 下划线处的引导词之后接了一个完整的陈述句， 但整个主语从句不是客观陈述某种情况而是要表示“是否”的意思， 应选用引导词whether。注意： 表示“是否”的名词性从句的引导词if不能用于引导主语从句。考题4 It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海)A. that B. when C. what D. how答案 C解析 本题下划线处引导的是一个放在句末的主语从句(被句首的形式主语it所指代)。在该主语从句中引导词要作主语， 四个选项中只有what可以充当名词性从句的主语。考题5 It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. (1992)A. while B. that C. if D. for答案 B解析 本题下划线处引导的是一个放在句末的主语从句(被句首的形式主语it所指代)。陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句， 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分， 有这样用法的引导词只能是that。考题6 It is none of year business _ other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007福建)A. how B. what C. which D. when答案 B解析 下划线处引导主语从句表示“其他人如何想你”， 在该主语从句中充当think的宾语， 四个选项中只能选择what做引导词。题干中what引导的主语从句放在句末、 由句首的形式主语it所指代。61. would rather的用法一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。 “would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。 例 Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。 If youd rather be alone, well all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 Hed rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。 You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。 二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用would ratherthan或wouldrather than的句型 例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。 请注意 1） would ratherthan/wouldrather than也可以颠倒为：rather thanwould。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。 例 I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。 He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。 2)使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。 例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。 I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。 三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前 例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？ Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？ Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？ 四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿,还是 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。 例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来) Wed rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。 Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。 请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。 2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。 例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。 Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。 五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。 例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。 请注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。 例 He prefers wine to beer= He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf= Id rather play tennis than golf 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。 3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例 Id rather fly than go by sea=Id prefer to fly 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样： 例 Would you like some gin？ Id prefer a coffee=Id rather have coffee than gin 您想喝点杜松子酒吗？ 我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。 4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。 例 We went by sea but Id rather have gone by air=Id prefer to have gone by air 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。63. 浅谈同位语从句和定语从句的区别 在教学中，同位语从句和定语从句是个难点。为了帮助老师和同学们解决这个难点，现就同位语从句和定语从句的区别谈谈自己的一点看法。同位语