虚拟语气语法座.doc

虚拟语气 一虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的应用。虚拟条件是相对于真实条件而言的。如果假设的条件有可能发生或发生的可能性很大，就用真实条件句；反之，则用虚拟条件句。如：Ifyoudontmind,Illturnontheradio.(Imgoingtoturnontheradio,ifyouagree.)真实条件句IfIwereyou,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(Imnotyou,soIcantdoitsomeotherway.)虚拟条件句。1虚拟从句与主句的谓语构成。（1）.一般时态下的虚拟语气句子的谓语构成；从句谓语：系动词be一律用were；行为动词一律用过去式主句谓语：would;could;might;should+动词原形IfIknewthetruth,Iwouldtellyou.IfIwereyou,Iwouldreceivehisinvitation.Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.（2）.与过去事实相反的假设从句谓语：had+过去分词主句谓语：should;would;might;would+have+过去分词IfIhadknownthatyouwerecoming,Iwouldhavemetyouattheairport.IfIhadmoretime,Iwouldhavefinishedmywork.Youcouldhavedonebetterifyouhadbeenmorecareful.（3）.与未来事实相反的假设从句谓语：should;wereto+动词原形主句谓语：should;would;might;could+动词原形Ifyoushouldfail,whatwouldyoudo?Ifyoushouldencounterwithanyinconvenience,pleasedonthesitatetoletusknow.Ifyouweretotryagain,youmightsucceed.Ifthecovershouldhaveacrackinit,theharmfulgaswouldcomeoutandcausepollution.注：1.主句中第一人称用should，也可以用would，第二、第三人称只用would。要表达“能够”情态意义时，主句中要用could；要表达“可能”情态意义时，主句要用might。2.If引导的含有were,should,had的从句，if若省略，从句中的were,should,had前置，构成部分倒装，但部分谓语提前的话，否定词不能提前。Ex.Haditnotbeenforthereservoirwedneverbeenabletobeatthedrought.Hadshebeengivensomehints,shecouldhaveansweredthequestions.2.错综时间虚拟条件句主句与从句所指的时间不一致，例如从句是过去的假设，而主句是现在的结果，或者相反，等等，这时就要按照各自表示的时间来调整动词的形式。如：1.IfIhadabike,Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.2.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.3.Ifhehadfollowedthedoctorsadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.3含蓄虚拟条件句有时句中并未出现引导的条件句从句，其假设情况是用以下的几种情况来表示或暗示的。（1）.介词短语Ex.Icouldnothavefulfilledthetaskwithoutyourhelp.Butforairandwater,nothingcouldlive.Indifferentcircumstances,Iwouldhavesaidyes.Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthathereturnittomorrow.（2）.某些连词(otherwise,but,supposing,provided,providing,unless,onconditionthat等)Ex.Shehadintellect.OtherwiseIwouldhavescornedher.(Ifshehadntintellect.)IwouldgladlylendyouthemoneybutIreallydonthaveit.(IfIhadmoney,.)Supposingthisferryweretosink,whatwouldwedo?Providedthecircumstancespermit,Iwouldclimbthemountain.（3）.通过上下文Ex.Itwouldbeamistaketostandby.(Itwouldbeamistakeifwestoodby.)Suchanaccidentcouldhavebeenavoided.(ifwehadbeenmorecareful.)Itwassoquiet,youcouldhaveheardapindrop(ifyouhadlistenedcarefully.)二虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用1.在asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句中。在此类从句中，虚拟语气究竟采用何种形式，取决于从句中所明确表示或暗示出的时间，而与主句谓语动词的时态无关。如果主从句谓语动词的动作同时发生，从句谓语动词就用过去式（be一律用were）；如果主句谓语动词的动作发生或正在发生时，从句谓语的动作正在进行，从句谓语动词就用过去进行式（be一律用were）；如果从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，从句谓语动词就用过去完成式。Ex.Hetalks/talkedasifhekneweverything.Thewindis/wasblowingsohardasthoughitweregoingtodestroytheworld.Thattreelookedasifithadntbeenwateredforalongtime.2.虚拟语气用于lest,forfearthat和incase引导的目的状语从句中在此类从句中，谓语多用动词原形或should加动词原形。Ex.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestitshouldgowrongontheway.Hehandledtheinstrumentwithcareforfearthatitshouldbedamaged.Teddoesntdaretogooutofthehouseincaseheshouldberecognized.3.虚拟语气用于sothat和inorderthat引导的目的状语从句中。在此类从句中，谓语多用may或might，can或could加动词原形，否定式则多用shouldnot加动词原形。Ex.Speakclearly,sothattheymay(can)understandyou.ItookmygolfclubssothatIcouldplayattheweekend.Theteacherspokeslowlyinorderthatallthestudentsmight(could)hearhimclearly.Hecameinquietlyinorderthatheshouldntwakehiswife.Letsprepareawordlistsothatnooneshouldhaveanydifficultyinreadingit.三虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用(1).“hadhoped”这种句型表示一种“过去未实现的愿望”，从句谓语要用谓语“would+动词原形”Eg.IhadhopedthatJanewouldbecomeadoctor,butshewasntgoodenoughatscience.Wehadhopedthatshewouldchangehermind.WehadhopedthatStateUniversitywouldwinthebasketballgame,buttheotherteamplayedverywell.(2).虚拟语气用would后的宾语从句中。Would(或d)是有实在意义的及物动词，是表示愿望（desire或wish）的一种特殊用法，其后常跟rather,sooner,(just)assoon含有“宁愿”“但愿”的意思，在句中作状语，用来修饰它。would要求它的宾语从句用一般过去式，be一律用were.Ex.Iwould(that)Iwereyoungagain.Iwould(that)=(Iwish)Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.Icouldgomyself,butIwouldsooneryouwent.Idjustassoonyoudidnttakethoseimportantpaperswithyou.注：*Wouldrather和hadrather都可以采用“drather”省略形式，后面通常使用省去that的从句,从句中的谓语要用过去时。Wouldrather用来表示将来或针对某种情况推测。Eg.Idratheryoudidntdoanythingaboutitforthetime.Idratheryoudidntinterferewithhim.Idratheryouhadntdonethat.*在would后的宾语从句中，谓语动词有时用过去完成时来表示过去未能实现的动作。Ex.Wewouldsoonerthatyouhadheldtheconferenceyesterday.(3).表示愿望的wisha.表示对现在愿望和对将来愿望。宾语从句的谓语用：系动词be一律用were；行为动词用过去时表示现在;若表示将来用would;could;might+动词原形IwishIcouldflytothemoon.IwishIwereonthemoon.IwishIcouldhavetimetogotoLondonwithyounextmonth.Iwishtherainwouldstopsoon.b.表示对过去的愿望。从句谓语用：had+过去分词，或would,could,might+have+过去分词IwishIhadfinishedmytaskontime,butIfailed.Johnsaysthathewisheshehadstartedtostudymathematicsyearsago.IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovieswithyoulastnight.(4).宾语从句中的虚拟语气用在表达建议、命令、要求、请求、提议等动词后。结构：主语+要求引起虚拟语气的宾语从句的动词+虚拟的宾语从句。这种宾语从句的谓语也要用虚拟语气；动词原形，或should+动词原形.Eg.HeinsistedthatJohndoit.Theteacherdemandedthatherstudents(should)beontimetoeveryclass.Iurgedthatshegiveupsmoking.Hemaintainedthatwearriveontime.引导虚拟宾语从句的动词有：demand,intend,recommend,allow,desire,move（提议、动议eg.Imovedthatthemeetingbecontinuedafterthedinner.）,request,arrange,determine,ordain,require,ask,enjoin,order,resolve,beg,ensure,pledge,rule,command,entreat,pray,stipulate,concede,grant,prefer,decide,insist,pronounce,urge,decree,instruct,propose,vote（建议eg.IvotethatweshouldvisittheMuseumoftheChineseRevolution.）suggest（劝说）四主语从句中使用的虚拟语气。用于“itis+要引起虚拟过去分词”后主语从句中的虚拟语气。这类过去分词是表示建议、命令、要求、提议等动词的过去分词。主语从句中谓语用动词原形，或should加动词原形Eg.Itisrecommendedthathe(should)studymoreEnglishbeforegoingabroad.Itwasrequiredthatweall(should)gototheairporttoseeheroff.Itwasproposedthatthematterbediscussedatthenextmeeting.此类句型中常使用的过去分词有：desired;demanded;requested,suggested,ordered;recommended;required,arranged,decided,proposed,urged2.用于“itis形容词”后主语从句中的虚拟语气。从句谓语动词用动词原形，或should动词原形Ex.Itisbestthattouristshaveapleasantplacetorelax.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationformsbesentbackbeforethedeadline.Itisimperativethatagraduatestudentmaintainagradepointaverageof“B”inhismajorfield.此类句型中常使用的形容词有：appropriate;advisable;better;desirable;essential;imperative;important;insistent;natural;necessary;preferable;probable;possible;strange;urgent;vital;good;ridiculous;注：当这些形容词在句中做宾语补足语时，则其后的宾语从句也用虚拟语气，即用动词原形，或should加动词原形Ex.Wefounditquitenaturalthatsheshouldlovehim.我们觉得她爱他是很自然的。Weconsideritnecessarythataplanbemadebeforedoinganything.虚拟语气用于“itis+名词”后的主语从句。这里的主语从句谓语用动词原形，或should动词原形advice;command;demand;desire;idea;insistence;maintenance;motion;objection;order;prayer;proposal;plan;recommendation;request;requirement;suggestion;urgeEx.Itishisdesirethatamedicalman(should)stayhere.Itwasmyproposalthatnewlegislationshouldbedrafted.Itisthedoctorsorderthatthepatientshouldstayinbed.五表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气用于名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，既从句中的谓语为动词原形或should动词原形。这两类从句由要求跟虚拟语气从句的名词引起，有：advice;demand;decision;motion;desire;proposal;suggestion;order;preference;recommendation;requirement;command;maintenance;request;requirement;insistence等。Eg.Youradvicethatshewaittillnextweekisreasonable.（同位语从句）Hisproposalisthatthedambebuiltatthefootofthemountain.（表语从句）IwillfollowthedoctorsadvicethatIshouldhavearestforafewdays.HenryFordsideawasthatanassemblylineshouldbeintroducedinproducingautomobiles.六虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用。Itis(high,about)timethat(是.的时候了。)在此类句子中，定语从句的位于一般用过去时。Eg.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itishightimeyouwenttobed.Itshightimeyoustartedworking。Itshightimethatyoustoppedidlingaboutandstartedlookingforajob.七表达个人情感的虚拟语气（）.英语中有专门一类表达个人情感的虚拟语气，即常用于宾语从句中和主语从句中的should动词原形（或完成式），这种虚拟语气形式与主句中带有感情色彩的词呼应，表达惊奇、怀疑、贻害、不满、不一为然等情绪。常见的带有感情色彩的词有如下几类：l动词：expect,believe,think,suspect等。Ex.Ineverexpectedthattheproblemshouldbesocomplicated.Weneverthoughtthatsheshouldbethebravegirlwehaveheardsomuchabout.l形容词：amazing,convinced,incredible,interesting,normal,odd,proper,ridiculous,sad,shocked,sor