2013版新目标英语八年级上册一至三单元知识点小结.doc

系列资料 2013秋季新版八年级上册英语第一至三单元知识点小结Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?1. on vacation 度假 vacation意为“假期、假日”，相当于holiday，但vacation表示长的假期。如：the long vacation 长假the summer vacation 暑假 W w . X k b 1.c O mthe Christmas vacation 圣诞假期而holiday（尤其美国）指“假日；休息日；休假”。on vacation = on holiday 意为“度假”2. anything interesting 一些有趣的东西1）something，anything，nothing，everything是指物的不定代词。somebody，someone，anybody，anyone，nobody，everybody，everyone是指人的不定代词。somewhere，anywhere，nowhere，everywhere是指地点的不定代词。2）当形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时，放在这些词的后面；3）这些不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如： Is everybody here? 大家都到齐了吗？4） something，somebody，someone，somewhere用于肯定句及表示请求或建议的疑问句中，而anything，anybody，anyone，anywhere用于否定句及疑问句中。如：Did you do anything interesting? 你做了有趣的事吗？（表疑问）Why dont you visit someone with me? 你为什么不跟我一起去拜访下某个人呢？（表建议）3. buy sth. for sb. 或 buy sb. sth如：My parents often buy some books for me. = My parents often buy me some books.我父母经常给我买书。4.提建议的句子：What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? Why dont you + do sth.? 如：Why dont you go shopping? Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? Lets + do sth. 如： Lets go shopping Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?5. long time no see 好久不见6. quite a few 相当多a few 与 a little 的区别，few 与 little 的区别 a few 一些 修饰可数名词 a little 一些 修饰不可数名词 两者都表肯定意义 如：He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。 There is a little sugar in the bottle. 在瓶子里有一些糖。 few 少数的 修饰可数名词 little 少数的修饰不可数名词 但两者都表否定意义 如：He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。 There is little sugar in the bottle.在瓶子里没有多少糖。7. most of 的大多数 如：most of the time 大多数时间8. Still no one seemed to be bored. 仍然没有人感到烦闷。 1）seem意为“好像；似乎；看来”，是个连系动词，构成的短语有： seem to do sth. 好像做某事 如： They seem to talk in class. 他们似乎上课说话。 seem（to be）+adj. 似乎. 如： He seemed ( to be) ill yesterday. 昨天他似乎病了。 It seems that + 从句 似乎. 如： It seems that he was ill yesterday. 昨天他似乎病了。 2） bored 作形容词，意为“烦闷的；厌倦的”其主语是某人； 而boring 也是形容词，其主语是某物。 如：My parents ask me to do homework all day. I feel bored.我父母整天叫我做作业，我感到很厌倦。Doing homework all day is a little boring. 整天做作业有点无聊。相类似的词语还有： interested adj. 感兴趣的 interesting adj. 有趣的 surprised adj. 感到惊奇的 surprising adj. 惊奇的 tired 累的 tiring 令人疲惫的 excited 兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋/激动的 amazed 惊讶的 amazing 令人惊讶的9. 辨析： get to/reach/arrive X k B 1 . c o m牢记： 相同点：都是“到达“的意思不同点：get to+地点/reach+地点 arrive at+小地点（车站等）/arrive in+大地点（国家等）注意：若他们后面要加地点副词here,there,home等，则不需要加介词。10. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做乐意做 如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得很愉快。 跟它意思相近的词组还有have a good great time , have fun。11. decide 意为“决定”，是动词。它的名词形式为decision。构成的短语有： decide to do sth. decide on doing sth. 决定做某事 make a decision to do sth.决定不要做某事，要用decide not to do sth.。如：Li Lei has decided to go to Beijing . 李雷已经决定去北京。12. nothing.but.意为“除.之外； 只有”，如：I have nothing to do but watch TV all day long. 我整天除了看电视什么也没干。13 . feel like 意为：“有什么感觉；感受到”，后跟宾语从句。另外，构成短语 feel like doing sth.意为“想做某事”。如：I felt like I was a bird. 我感觉我是一只鸟。I feel like eating.我想吃东西。14. because of , because： because of + 名词/代词/名词性短语 I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因 我得搬家。 because +从句 如：I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。15. below意为“在.下面”，其反义词为 above，意为“在.上面”16. bring sth.to +地点，意为“带来”，其反义词是take。如：Please bring your book to our school. 请把你的书带到我们学校来。Please take your book to your school. 请把你的书带到你的学校去。17.enough 足够w W w .x K b 1.c o M形容词enough 如：beautiful enough足够漂亮 enough名词如：enough food 足够食物 enough to 足够去做如：I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。 She is old enough to go to school. 她够大去读书了。18. so that 如此以致于 引导结果状语从句，so后面接形容词、副词. that 后面跟从句。如：She was so sad that she couldnt say a word. 她悲伤得一句话也说不出来。19. taste good 尝起来很好吃。taste 系动词用法“尝起来”后+形容词。其他表示状态的系动词有：feel（觉得） keep（保持）stay（保持）seem（好像）look（看来像）smell（闻起来）sound（听起来）taste（尝起来）系动词与形容词连用I feel sick。 我感到难受。 Keep quiet，please！ 请安静下来！The weather stays very hot。天气非常热。 He seems very clever。 他好像很聪明。Jim looks like his father。 吉姆长得像他父亲。The fish smells terrible. 这鱼闻起来坏了。That sounds a good idea。 那听起来是个好主意。 The soup tastes very delicious。这汤尝起来非常香。Unit2 How often do you exercise?1. exercise的用法 v/n 1） 动词，锻炼，既可以作不可数名词“锻炼”讲，也可作可数名词“练习”讲。 He exercises every day。We often do / take exercise on weekends.2）do morning exercises 做早操 do eye exercises 做眼保健操 Doing morning exercises is good for our health. 做早操对我们的健康有益。2 No, I never go shopping. 不， 我从不购物。 （1） go shopping 意为“去购物”。Go+ v. Ing 形式表示进行某项活动。如：Go swimming/ shopping/skating/skiing/fishing/climbing/hiking 去游泳/购物/滑冰/滑雪/钓鱼/爬山/徒步旅行。（2） never为频率副词，意思是“从不”。【辨析】：频率副词always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never频率副词词义频率英文释义always总是100%all the timeusually通常90%often, generallyoften经常80%(at) many timessometimes有时50%at times, now and thenhardly ever几乎不10%almost not, not at allnever从不0%not ever, not at any time3. How often do you watch TV? 你多久看一次电视？ Twice a week. 一周两次。（1）how often表示“多久一次”，是对动作的频率进行提问。可用于回答表示频率的副词，如always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never等，或用于回答表示频率的短语，如once a day (一天一次)，twice a week (一周两次)，four times a month (一个月四次)，every day (每一天)等。如：How often does he surf the Internet? 他多久在网上冲浪一次？ Once a week. 一周一次。（2）twice a week 意思是“一周两次”是一个表示频率的短语，表示频率的短语一般是由“次数a时间名词”构成；表示“一次或两次”时，一般用once和twice表示，而表示“三次或三次以上”时，则用“数词times”结构。如：once a month (一个月一次)，twice a day (一天两次)，three times a week (一周三次），five times a year (一年五次)等。（3）疑问词how的用法1）怎样，用什么手段，方法/交通工具 Howdidhedoit? / Idontknowhowtoswim. How do you come to school?(2) 情况如何（指身体健康状况） Howareyou?(3) howmany，howmuch表示“多少” howmany后接可数名词复数，howmuch接不可数名词。Howmanytimes doyougotothepark? Howmucharethosepants?(4)how many times 询问多少次，其答语表示次数。如：once twice，three times等How many times do you go to the movies a month? About three times.(5) How old.? 询问年龄 How old are you? I am five.(6) How about? 如何？ 怎么样？ How about going to the movies?(7)how long 询问多长时间，其答语表示一段时间，如：for two days，for three hours等。 How long will it take to get to the station？ About half an hour。(8)how soon 用来询问过多久，多久以后，其答语是in two hours，in three days等。 How soon wil he come back？ In an hour。4. be free意为“有空”是形容词，其反义词为“be busy”。free的另一种意思是“自由的；不受约束的”，其名词形式为freedom。还有一个意思是“免费的”，如：They enjoy free medical care. 他们享受免费医疗。5. be full 意为“满的；忙的”是形容词，其反义词有： full(满的) empty（空的），full(饱的)hungry（饿的）。如：I am full, so I dont want anything.我饱了，所以我不想要了。6. eat breakfast意为“吃早饭”同义词组为 have breakfast，其中间不加冠词，但当三餐前有形容词修饰时，要加不定冠词 a 或an。如： have a big dinner 吃一顿丰盛的晚餐 want+名词 想要 如：I want a job. 我想要一份工作。 want to do sth. 想要做某事 Do you want to go to the movies with me？ 你想和我一起去看电影吗？ want sb. to do sth. 想要某人干某事 I want you to help me with my math. 我想要你帮我学数学。7She says its good for my health. 她说那对我的健康有益。（1）be good for意思是“对有好处”。如： Doing exercise is good for our health. 进行锻炼对我们的身体有好处。【辨析】：be good for, be good at 与be good tobe good for意思是“对有益”。如： Watching TV too much is not good for your health.看电视太多对你的身体没有好处。be good at意思是“擅长于”。如： He is good at playing football. 他擅长踢足球。be good to意思是“对好”。如： The old woman is good to us. 那个老太太对我们很好。（2）health是一个名词，意思是“健康”，它的形容词形式是healthy，意思是“健康的”。如： My grandmother is over 80 years old, but she is very healthy. 我奶奶八十多岁了，但她非常健康。 We should keep in good health.我们要保持健康。http:/ww w.xkb 1.com8. ask sb. to do 叫做某事 Teacher asked me to clean the classroom. ask sb. not to do sth.叫不要做某事 Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom. ask sb. about sth. 问某人某事 We asked our students about their free time activities. ask sb. for help 向某人求助 如：ask teacher for help 向老师寻求帮助9. go online意为“上网”，其同义词为“use the Internet”。10. help with sth. 如：They help with this problem. help sb. do. 如：They help you relax. 他们帮助你放松11. at least 最少 原形little 比较级less 最高级least 如：we should sleep at least 8 hours.我们至少得睡8个小时。 12. be surprised 意为“惊讶” 构成的短语有 be surprised to do sth 惊讶做某事 be surprised that + 从句 to ones surprise 令某人惊讶的是如： to their surprise令他们惊讶的是to Li Leis surprise令李雷惊讶的是13. stay up 熬夜如：I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。14. although为连词，意思是“尽管；虽然”，表示转折关系，同义词有though。与but作用相同，但是用法不同。特别注意英、汉在此意义上的表达区别：汉语中经常说“虽然但是”，但在英语中，although和but不能同时使用，即“虽然”和“但是”只能用其一。如： Although I get up early, I cant catch the early bus. = I get up early, but I cant catch the early bus. 尽管我起得很早，但还是没有赶上早班车。I dont pass the exam, although I study every hard. =I study very hard, but I dont pass the exam.尽管我努力学习，但考试还是没有及格。想类似的还有because跟so，用了because就不能再用so了。如：I didnt have supper, because I had a stomacheache.= I had a stomacheache, so I didnt have supper.我没有吃饭，因为胃疼。15. The best way to do sth. 做某事的最好方式 原形good 比较级better 最高级best 如：I think the best way to relax is to listen to music. 我认为最好的休闲方式是听音乐。Unit3 Im more outgoing than my sister1.He has shorter hair than Sam. 他的头发比萨姆的短。 than 比（用于形容词，副词的比较级之后）当两个人或者物进行比较时，要用形容词的比较级。“比较级 + than” 表示“比.更.”。一般形容词或副词的比较级是在词后加-er。但要注意比较的对象。如：I am taller than Jim. 我比吉姆高。His hair is shorter than Sams. 他的头发比萨姆的短。This book is more interesting than that one.这本书比那本书有趣。形容词和副词的比较级、最高级大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1）原级（不作比较），修饰词very,so,too,pretty,really；2） 比较级，表示“较”或“更”的意思（两者之间进行比较）, 标志词than,A or B,of the two, 修饰词much,a lot,a little；3）最高级，表示“最”的意思（三者或三者以上作比较），形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带in（of）短语来什么比较的范围。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级规则变化： 构 成 方 法 原 级 比 较 级最 高 级单音节词和部分双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-esthighshorthighershorter highestshortest以字母e词尾的词，加-r或-stlatefinelaterfinest latestfinest重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-esthotbigthinfathotterbiggerthinnerfatterhottestbiggestthinnestfattest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把“y”改为“i”，再加-er或-est funnyeasyearlyfunniereasierearlierfunniesteasiestearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostbeautifulathleticoutgoingmore beautifulmore athleticmore outgoingmost beautifulmost athleticmost outgoing形容词和副词的比较级和最高级不规则变化： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther（更远） further（更深远） farthest(最远) furthest（最深远）2. 反意疑问句X Kb1. C om 肯定陈述句否定提问如：Lily is a student, isnt she? Lily will go to China, wont she?否定陈述句肯定提问 如：She doesnt come from China, does she?You havent finished homework, have you?提问部分用代词而不用名词如：Lily is a student, isnt she?陈述句中含有否定意义的词，如little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。 如：He knows little English, does he?他一点也不懂英语，不是吗？ They hardly understood it, did they? 他们几乎不明白，不是吗？3. No,I am a little taller than her.a little, much a lot a bit ,far,any,no等可以+比较级4. Tara works as hard as Tina. 塔拉学习跟蒂娜一样努力。“.（not）as + 形容词或副词原级+ as.”是一种原级比较，意思为“.和.(不) 一样”。1） .not as + 形容词或副词原级+ as.表示双方在某个方面不同。如：His English is not as good as hers. 他英语不如她的好。He doesnt work as hard as his brother. 他没有他哥哥工作努力。2） as + 形容词或副词原级+ as 表示双方在某个方面一样。如：She is as tall as me. 她跟我一样高。I run as fast as he does. 我跑得跟他一样快。5. 辨析beat/win 相同点：都是动词，表示“赢”不同：beat+人/win+比赛，竞赛，战争等名词。 如：We played very well, and beat them. 我们发挥得很好，击败了他们。They won the match this time. 这次他们赢了这场比赛。6. care about意为“关心；在意”，期中care是动词 如：We should care about the old people.我们应该关心老年人。新 课 标 第 一 网care for表示“喜欢”，“关心”之意，后接名词或v-ing形式作宾语，take care of也有这个意思。He cared nothing for skating. 他对滑冰没有兴趣。In our class, we care for each other. 在我们班上，我们相互关心。Maria takes good care of everybody. 玛丽亚很关心大家。【友情链接】care for还可以表示“照顾”，“照料”，相当于take care of或look after。At night he fed and cared for the cattle. 夜里他照料牲口，给牲口喂食。You must care for yourselves.=You must look after yourselves.你们要照顾好自己。The children are well cared for in the nurseries.=The children are taken good care of in the nurseries.孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。7.I think a good friend makes me laugh.我认为好朋友能使我开心。牢记：make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 make+宾语+形容词 使某人/某事怎样 如：Our teacher makes us work ten hours a day 我们老师让我们一天学习10个小时。His words make us happy. 他的话使我们感到很高兴。8.laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Dont laugh at me! 不要取笑我!9. Theyre both tall. 他们两个都是高个子。both adj./pron./adv. 两个都用在be 动词后，行为动词前。 Y ou are both too young./They both speak English.Both of .+名词复数（复数谓语） Both of the flowers are beautiful. 两朵花都很漂亮。bothand两者都（复数谓语） 反义词组：neithernor两者都不（谓语单复数按照就近原则）【友情链接】 both 与 all both 指代两者； all指代三者或三者以上 如：My parents are both fine。 我父母都好。We are all here。 我们都在这儿。10. be ike意为“像”，这里的like是介词。如：X k B 1 . c o mShe is like her mother 。 她长得像他妈妈。like 做动词，意为“喜欢”，构成短语 like sth. 喜欢某物 like sb. 喜欢某人 like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 如：I like to have friends who are like me. 我喜欢交