新视野研究生英语1翻译及课后答案.doc

In setting standards, faculty have a particular-ly important role to play; students look to them for guidance in academic matters - not just to their peers. 在标准设立方面，教师的作用尤其重要，学生常向他们寻求学术问题上的指点不仅仅是向同伴。Inparticular,tohelpstudentsappropriatelyorientthemselvesanddevelopanappropriatementalframeworkastheytrytomakesenseoftheircollegeexperience,facultymustrecognizeandaffirmacademicintegrityasacoreinstitutionalvalue.特别是在帮助学生找到自己适宜的位置，发展恰当的思维框架方面，教师必须再三强调学术诚信是学术界的核心价值。Withoutsuchguidance,cheatingmakessenseformanystudentsastheyfallbackonstrategiestheyusedinhighschooltonegotiateheavyworkloadsandtoachievegoodgrades.缺乏这样的引导，许多学生就会重新采用中学既能处理繁重学业又能获取良好成绩的做法，认为作弊是必要的。 Unit 10、It Takes a Village 这是全村人的责任 byDonald L. McCabe Donald L. McCabe, Professor af Organization Management at Rutgers University is the leading researcher on academic integrity in the United States. The text is an extract.from his essay It Takes a Village: Academic Dishonesty & Educational Opportunity,which was published in Liberal Education in 2005. 1 I have always been intrigued by the African tribal maxim that it takes a village to raise a child. 1 我一直对一条非洲部落的格言感到好奇并充满兴趣，抚养孩子是全村人的责任。 In a similar sense, I would argue it takes the whole campus community - students, faculy and administrators - to effectively educate a student. 同理，我会说教育好学生是全校师生和管理人员共同的责任。 If our only goal is to reduce cheating, there are far simplerstrategies we can employ. 如果我们的目标只是减少作弊，我们可以采用很多更简单的方法。 But if we have the courage to set our sights higher,and strive to achieve the goals of a liberal education, the challenge is much greater. 但如果我们有勇气放宽眼界，力争达到人文教育的目标，我们面临的挑战就更加艰巨。 Among other things, it is a challenge to develop students who accept responsibility for the ethical consequences of their ideas and actions . 这个挑战在于培养学生为自己思想和行为的道德后果负责。 Our goal should not simply be to reduce cheating; rather, our goal should be tofind innovative and creative ways to use academic integrity as a building block in our efforts to develop more responsible students and, ultimately, more responsible citizens. 我们的目标不应仅仅是减少作弊行为，而应该是寻找创造性的方式，把学术诚信作为一种手段，利用它来培养更富有责任感的学生，并最终培养出更富责任感的公民。 Our campuses must become places where the entire village - the community of students, faculty, and administrators - actively works together to achieve this goal.我们的校园必须成为这样的地方：在这里，整个村庄学生、教师、还有管理者组成的社区都为了这一目标紧密合作。 As Ernest Boyer observed almost two decades ago, integrity cannot be divided. If high standards af conduct are expected of students, calleges must have impeccable integrity themselves. Otheveise the lessons of the hidden cuviculum will shape the undergraduate experience. 正如Ernest Boyer大约20年前所说：诚信不可分。如果我们期待学生行为高尚，学校自身必须完美无缺，否则潜在课程就会教坏学生。 Colleges teach values to students by the standards they set for themselves. 学校通过为自己所设立的标准来向学生传递价值观。 2 In setting standards, faculty have a particular-ly important role to play; students look to them for guidance in academic matters - not just to their peers. 2 在标准设立方面，教师的作用尤其重要，学生常向他们寻求学术问题上的指点 不仅仅是向同伴。 In particular, to help students appropriately orient themselves and develop an appropriate mental framework as they try to make sense of their college experience, faculty must recognize and affirm academic integrity as a core institutional value.特别是在帮助学生找到自己适宜的位置，发展恰当的思维框架方面，教师必须再三强调学术诚信是学术界的核心价值。 Without such guidance, cheating makes sense for many students as they fall back on strategies they used in high school to negotiate heavy work loads and to achieve good grades. 缺乏这样的引导，许多学生就会重新采用中学既能处理繁重学业又能获取良好成绩的做法，认为作弊是必要的。 3 While faculty can do much to improve the climate of academic integrity in their campus villages, they should not be expected to shoulder this hurden alone. 3 尽管在校园村落中改善学术诚信氛围方面教师的作用很大，但是不能指望他们独自承担这个责任。University administrators need to look more carefully at the role they play. 大学的管理层应该仔细审视一下他们要起的作用。 Instead of reacting to an increasing number of faculty complaints about Internet plagiarism by simply subscribing to a plagiarism detection service, for example, perhaps these schools should take a more comprehensive look at their integrity policies. 例如，除了以订购抄袭监控软件来回应教师日益增长的对利用网络抄袭的投诉，校方也许应对本校的诚信政策做一个更全面的审视。 While some may decide that plagiarism detection software is an appropriate component of their integrity policy, I trust many more will conclude that its time to abandon their almost exclusive reliance on detevence and punishment and to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as an educational opportunity as well. 我相信，尽管一些学校会把抄袭监控软件看作是诚信政策的有机组成部分，更多的学校会认为现在是时候了，应该放弃完全依赖阻止和惩罚的做法，应该把学术上不诚实的行为也看做教育机会。 4 Over the last fifteen years, I have become convinced that a primary reliance on detevence is unreasonable and that, if we truly believe in our role as educators, we would do better to view most instances of cheating as educational opportunities. 4 过去15年间，我渐渐确信，单纯阻止作弊是不明智的，如果我们真正看重我们作为教育者的职责，就应该把大部分的作弊行为看作是教育机会。 While strong sanctions clearly are appropriate for more serious forms of cheating, its also clear that most students cheating is far less egregious. 尽管对更严重的作弊行为而言，强有力的惩罚措施是恰当的，但大多数学生的作弊行为明显未到如此严重的境地。 What, for example, is an appropriate sanction for a student who cuts and pastes a few sentences from a Web site on the internet without citation? 例如，对一个从网上摘抄了几个句子却没有标注出处的学生，什么样的惩罚才合适呢？ In some cases. this behavior occurs out of ignorance of the rules of citation or is motivated by a students failure to properly budget his or her time. 在某些情况下，学生是由于不了解引用规范或未能安排好作业时间在仓促中犯错。 In a last minute effort to complete the two papers he/she has due that week, as well as study for a test on Friday, he/she panics. 最后期限将至，学生惶恐万分，拼命努力，完成本周的两篇论文，同时还要准备周五的考试。 If the student is a first-time offender, whats the educational value of a strcong sanction? 如果这个犯错的学生是初犯，严厉惩罚又有什么教育意义？ 5 Having decided tbat sanctions do little more than to permanentlv mar a students record, an increasing number of schools are taking a more educational approach to academic dishonesty. 5 越来越多的学校确定那样做除了在学生档案中留下污点外处罚没有多大效用，所以对学 术不诚信行为采取了更富教育意义的措施。 Tbey are striving to implement strategies that will help offending students understand the ethical consequences of their behavior. 他们努力采取措施，帮助犯错学生理解自身行为的道德后果。 These strategies seem often to be win win situations这些措施看起来常常达到双赢的效果。 Faculty are more willing to report suspected cheating, or to address it themselves, when they understand that educational rather than punitive sanctions are likely to result.如果他们了解这将导致教育性的，而不是惩罚性的后果，教师更愿意报告有作弊嫌疑的行为，或自己亲自处理这些行为。 A common choice now is to do nothing or to punish the student privately, which makes it almost impossible to identify repeat offenders. 现在通常的做法是置若罔闻或私下处罚，几乎不可能辨认出谁是屡教不改之徒。 On a growing number of campuses, bowever, faculty are being encouraged to address issues of cheating directly with students. 但是现在越来越多的学校鼓励老师直接处理学生作弊事件。 As long as the student acknowledges the cheating and accepts the faculty memberS proposed remedy, the faculty member simply sends a notation to a designated party and never gets involved with what many consider the unnecessary bureaucracy and legalisms of campus judicial systems . 一旦学生承认作弊，同意教师提议的补救措施，教师只需向指定机构提交一份说明，而不会陷入许多人认为不必要的繁琐的校园司法体系的条条框框。 6 When more faculty take such actions. students who cheat sense they are more likely to be caught, and the overall level of cheating on campus is likely to decline. 6 当更多的教师采取这样的行动时，作弊的学生就会觉得被抓的可能性更大，校园整体的作弊行为就会减少。 Administrators, especially studant and judicial affairs personnel, can then devote more of their time and resources to proative strategies. 学校的管理者，尤其是负责学生和校园司法事务的人员，就能投入更多的时间和精力研究积极性的策略。 For example, several schools have developed mini-courses that are commonly part of the sanction given to first-time violator of campus integrity policies; others have devoted resources to promoting integrity on campus, rathar than investing further in detection and punishment strategies. 例如，好些学校为初犯者开设了小型课程，作为惩罚的一部分；另一些学校采取措施推动校园诚信，而不是致力于研究如何抓获和惩罚作弊。 A common outcome on campuses implementing such strategies is a greater willingness on the part of faculty to report suspected cheating. 这些策略的实行导致的共同结果是教师更愿意汇报作弊嫌疑。 They view sanctions as more reasonable, designed to change behavior in positive ways, demonstrating to students that inappropriate behavior does have ethical consequences. 他们觉得这种惩罚更合理，对行为进行积极引导，向学生展示不良行为的确会导致道德后果。 As students quickly learn that second offenses will be dealt with much more strongly, increased reporting also serves as an effective deterrent to continued cheating. 既然学生很快明白再犯惩罚就会更加严厉，增多的作弊报告也就能有效阻止继续作弊。 7 Of course, the most effective solution to student cheating is likely to vary from campus to campus, depending on the unique campus culture that has developed over the course of a schools history. 7 当然，对付学生作弊最有效的方法各校有所不同，这取决于各校发展过程中形成的独特的校园文化。 Indeed, no campus is likely to reach the ideal state where the proactive strategies I have described are sufficient in and of themselves. 事实上，我所描绘的积极策略并不足以使任何学校达到理想状态。 Rather, some balance of punishment and proactive strategies will be optimal on each campus and, although that optimum will vary from campus to campus, punishment Will always have some role. 惩罚和积极措施的某种平衡才是各校的最佳状态，尽管这种平衡各校不尽相同，处罚却总是有它的作用。The stakes are high for most college students today, who think their entire future - their chances of gaining admission to professional school,.getting job interviews with the best campanies recruiting on campus, etc.一depends on a few key grades. 对很多大学生而言，学业成绩是性命攸关的，他们的整个未来能否进入专业学院，能否获得到校园招聘的最好的公司的面试机会等等这一切都依赖几门关键课程的考试成绩。 It is, therefore, unrealistic to think that none will succumb to the temptation to cheat. 所以，认为没有人会屈服于作弊的诱惑是不切实际的想法。 8 Students, even the most ethical, want to know that offenders will be punished so that other students will be deterred f