语法讲解之句子.doc

语法讲解之句子构成篇章的基本单位是句子，每个句子是由词或短语构成的，这些词或短语便是句子成分。不同的内容需要不同的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。句子成分、句子类型、句子结构是英语句法的基础。句子成分：组成句子的各个部分。包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、补足语（宾语补足语、主语补足语）、定语、状语、同位语。主语是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。主语主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。1名词A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒下横在路上。 Little streams feed big rivers. 小河流入大江。 2代词Youre not far wrong.你差不多对了。 He told a joke but it fell flat.他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑 3数词Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化的形容词The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 名词化的过去分词用The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。名词化的介词The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。5不定式To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 常以it作形式主语的形式出现It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。6动名词Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事，制作影片则是苦事。常以it作形式主语的形式出现It is no use crying for the spilt milk.覆水难收7从句(主语从句)Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。8句子”How do you do?” is a greeting. “你好”是一句问候语。9IT作主语： 1)指代刚刚提到的事物Whats this? Its a bus. (指代what) 2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示时间，天气，距离等 Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (时间) Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rainy.(天气) How far is it? Its about one kilometer away. (距离)10. There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。 There are many different kinds of moon cakes. There will be a strong wind.谓语谓语由动词构成，表示主语的行为、动作或所处的状态。可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 I like walking. I made your birthday cake last night. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. 复合谓语也可分为两种情况： 第一种是由情态动词、助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语： What does this word mean? I wont do it again. Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. Youd better catch a bus. 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。 You look the same. We are all here. The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. He looked worried. We have to be up early in the morning. Is Bill in? School is over. Lets go home. My pen is in my bag. I feel terrible. He seemed rather tired last night. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不可分割。 宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。 Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词） 6Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式） 7He never did the unexpected. 他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词） 8Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（宾语从句） 双宾语宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做）（多指人），可加双宾语的及物动词常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, take 等。间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 若直接宾语在前，间接宾语的前面需要加介词to或for。I have found a place for him.同源宾语常见的能带同源宾语的动词有：lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。 live a happy life dream a terrible dream fight a wonderful fight die a heroic death breathe a deep breath laugh a foolish laugh smile a forced smile表语表语（predicative）是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词、代词、数词、形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的。 I am all right. 我没事。 We are happy now. 我们现在很幸福。 Its over. 时间到了。 She is ten. 她十岁了。 Im much worried about her health.我对她的健康状况甚感担忧。Wasting time is killing yourself. 浪费时间就是自杀。 The dictionary is in the bag. 词典在书包里边。 My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。 定语定语（attributive）用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词,短语或从句。 1.形容词 It is a red bag. 2.名词或名词的所有格 Mother made a birthday cake for me. Li Mings father is a professor. 3.代词 Your hair needs washing. 4.数词 I have read this book three times. 5.分词 China is a developing country. The United States is a developed country.6.动名词 Learning method is important for us. 7.副词 Xiao Hong lives in the room above. 8.不定式 Would you want something to eat? 9.介词短语 This is a map of Beijing. 10.从句 He repeated everything that she has said. 定语在句子中的位置 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面.如果所修饰的名词带有冠词,放在冠词和名词之间. 副词,不定式,介词短语和从句作定语时,要放在被修饰词的后面. 修饰some, any, no, every等所构成的复合不定代词时,定语要放在它的后面 I have told you everything important that I know. 状语状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或主句的。它可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、比较、方式和伴随等，一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等 A、副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well. B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. C、介词短语 Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. D、从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. E、分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 补语补语（complement）是起补充说明作用的成份。有些动词除需要一个宾语外，还需要有宾语补足语句子意义才完整。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系。含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。 1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble. 2.名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容词 What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room. 同位语同位语（appositive）对句子中的某一成分作进一步的解释、说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语，通常置于被说明的词之后。同位语通常由名词、代词、数词和从句来担当。We have two children, a boy and a girl. We, the Chinese people, are all against war and love peace.Are you three ready to start out?The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is true.6种基本句型1.S+ Vi 主语+谓语，此句型中的动词大多为不及物动词Time flies.Birds sing beautifully.He went on holiday.We stopped to have a rest.Ill go swimming.2. S + Vt + O 主语+谓语+宾语，英语中绝大多数及物动词都是只带一个宾语的动词We like English.I want to help him.I dont know what to do.I enjoy living here.I dont think (that) he is right.3. S + V + P 主语+系动词+表语We are Chinese.除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词：feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词：become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词： remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词： come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词lie, prove, run, sit, stand,等。 He is a boy. This is mine.She is beautiful.Class is over.He is in good health.He is excited.The film is interesting.4. S + VT + Oi+ Od 主语+谓语+间接宾语（Oi）+直接宾语（Od）I give you help.I sent him a book. He sent a book to me.I bought May a book. He bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish,等。间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏）,save, sing, spare等。5. S+ V+ O + C 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语I make you clear.We named our baby Tom.He painted the wall white.She always keeps everything in good order.I wish you to stay.I made him workI heard my name called.I feel something moving.He showed me how to do it.He told me that the film was great.He asked me what he should do.6. There be结构此结构表示“某地有某人或某物”，谓语的单复数遵从就进一致原则。There is some apple juice in the bottle. There are some strangers in the street.如果There be 后面是几个并列名词做主语时，动词be的形式和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.There are two pencils and a pen on the desk.There be 结构中be动词有各种时态变化。There is no harm in trying.不妨一试。There were fabulous wildflowers in the hills last spring. There will be a fine day tomorrow. There have been several private schools in our area this year.There be 结构可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。There may be a cigarette in that box.There must be some cakes on the table.There used to be a hospital there before the war.There be 结构中除了be之外还可用seem, appear, happen, exist, stand, lie等 There seem to be a few trees between me and the green. There happened to be a bus nearby.There appears to have been a traffic accident.There came a sweet smell of flowers.飘来一阵甜美的花香。Once upon a time there lived a king in China.There existed/stood an old tower on the hill.There lies a small outside my hometown.There be 结构的非谓语动词形式There be 结构非谓语动词形式是there to be 和there being 两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。1. there being 结构起名词的作用，直接位于句首作主语;若使用用it 作形式主语，并且用for引导，则使用there to be。There being a bus stop near my house is a great advantage.我家旁边有个公共汽车站，很是方便。It is impossible for there to be any more.不可能再有了。2. there be 结构作宾语时，通常用there to be ，常作这样一些词的宾语：expect，like, mean, intend, want, prefer,等。I expect there to be no argument about this.我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affairs.我宁愿不要讨论我的私事。People dont want there to be another war.人们不希望再有战争了。作介词宾语时，如果是介词for，只能用“there to be”，其它介词用“there being”The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.老师在等着大家都安静下来。I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。3. 作状语的there be 形式，通常用“there being”结构。There being nothing else to do , we went home.因为没有其他事可做，我们就回家了。They closed the door , there being no customers.因为没有顾客，他们的店关门了。句子分类英语句子按照使用目的和交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。按照其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1. 句子的功能分类1）陈述句（Declarative Sentence）陈述句是用来说明事实、看法，描述动作、状态，阐明道理、原因，等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式，即肯定句形式和否定句形式。Chinese is one of the major languages in the world.She is doing her term paper .她在写学期论文。It is not an easy job to learn English well.Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味着幸福。2) 疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）疑问句是用来提出问题的，按其所提出的不同问题可分为以下四种：A）一般疑问句（General Question）一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的是与否提问。因此，它的回答不是Yes就是No；回答时所用的句子可以是完整句，也可以是省略句。另一方面，凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ? -Yes, I do .B) 特殊疑问句（Special Question）特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容提问，因此，对哪一方面的具体内容提问，就需要使用相应的特殊疑问词如：时间（When）、地点（Where）、原因（Why）、方式（How）、人物（Who）、名称（What），等等。另外，回答的内容也应该是具体的。-Who is in charge of English in your class? -Zheng Zheng (is ).-Why is Li Hua absent from duty today-She is preparing for going abroad.C) 选择疑问句（Alternative Question）选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题，选择部分由连词or连接。它貌似一般疑问句，其实两者有区别，因为回答这种文句时既不能用Yes也不能用No，而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。-Is your sister or brother going abroad? -My brother is.-Are you going to school or back home. -（Im）Going home .D) 反意疑问句（Disjunctive Question）当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握，或需进一步证实时，便可使用反意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句；第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式，第二部分则用否定形式；第一部分若是否定形式，第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。She is a college student, isnt she?He cannot speak French, can he?3) 祈使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语很明确地是听话人you。当然，有时为了强调或表示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。Be quiet, please! Tom, stand up! Dont be standing in the rain. Never smoke in the office. 4)感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中，有很多是由What或How引起的。What用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装，要用正常语序。What a fine day it is today! What a lovely son you have!How fine it is today! 2. 句子的结构分类如果按照句子的结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类别：简单句（Simple Sentence），并列句（Compound Sentence）和复合句（Complex Sentence）。1)简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .（两个主语，一个谓语）中国和中国人民在以非常的速度日益进步。Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paid more and more attention by people . （两个谓语，一个主语）计算机对人类社会意味着很多东西，并越来越受到人们的重视。2) 并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓并列、对等是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构（或者说，分句）连接在一起，就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：A. 表示转折意思: but , yet , however , neverthelessEverything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.一切都是身外之物，只用健康属于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English. 他才学一年英文，但已能用英文与人交往了。John has his shortcomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for the job. 约翰有缺点，但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。B.表示因果关系: or , so , therefore , henceYoud better take an umbrella with yo