Lecture1.ppt

EnglishLexicology Whatislanguage Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation 语言是人类用于交流的一种任意的言语符号的系统 Languageisman swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals Whatislinguistics Generallyspeaking linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage Tobemoreexact linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication Accordingtotraditionalclassifications linguisticsconsistsofthreebranches Phonetics grammarandlexicology Whatislinguistics Inthepastfewdecades especiallysincethe1960 s thefieldoflinguisticshasexpanded andtodayincludesphonology syntax semantics phonetics morphology lexicology stylistics generallinguistics descriptivelinguistics contrastivelinguistics comparativelinguistics sociolinguistics psycholinguistics appliedlinguistics computationallinguisticsandothers Whatislexicology ThewordlexicologycontainstwoGreekmorphemes lexikonandlogie theformermeans word thelattermeans learning or thestudyof Sotheliteralmeaningofthetermmeans thescienceofwords Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage Itdealswithwords theirorigin development structure formation meaningandusage Wordandvocabulary 词是语言的三要素之一 问题 语言的要素包括哪些 词汇是语言的建筑材料 没有语法不能传达很多东西 没有词汇就不能传达何东西 Wilkins1972 词汇习得是二语习得最中心的任务 Lewis1993 词汇在整个语言学习过程中的作用 听 说 读 写 译没有那一种语言技能能够脱离对词汇的依赖 没有了一定的词汇量作基础 学生语言能力的发展就成了无源之水 无本之木 Aimsofthecourse GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary Discusstheproblemsofword structureandword formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning theirsenserelations 课程学习目的 研究英语词汇形态 意义和整个词汇系统 学习词汇学知识 有助于总结整理所学过的词汇素材 有意识地扩大词汇量 加深对词语的理解 提高运用语言的能力 Thesignificanceofthecourse Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower activevocabulary Understandword meaningandorganize classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction RecommendedReadings 张维友 英语词汇学教程 华中师范大学出版社陆国强 现代英语词汇学 上海外语教育出版社刘毅 Vocabulary10000 三环出版社 外语教学与研究出版社张韵斐 现代英语词汇学概论 AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology 北京 北京师范大学出版社 Nation I S P 1990 TeachingandLearningVocabulary Boston Heinle Heinle Nation I S P 2001 LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage Cambridge CUP Grading Homeworkassignmentsandattendance 30 FinalExam 70 ChapterI EnglishVocabulary AGeneralSurvey IInternationalEnglishHowmanypeopleareusingE About2billionpeopleareusingorlearning 60 broadcasting50 ofjournalsandnewspapers90 informationisstoredinEontheNet IInternationalEnglishWhoareusingEnglish Nativespeakers nativelanguage PeopleinBritain theUnitedStates Ireland Australia NewZealand Canada SouthAfricaarenativeEnglishspeakers Thetotalpopulationinthesecountriesisabout400 000 000 IInternationalEnglishWhoareusingEnglish HowmanypeopleintheworldtakeEnglishastheirsecondLanguageoranofficiallanguage Englishisusedasthe an officiallanguageingovernmentandeducationinsuchcountriesasIndia Pakistan Nepal Sikkim Burma Malaysia Singapore Nigeria Namibia Ghana Zimbabwe Jamaicaandsoon Thepopulationinthesecountriesisabout750 000 000 IInternationalEnglishWhoareusingEnglish ThecountriesthattakeEasaFLincludeChina Korea Japan IIStandardEnglishthevarietyoftheELwhichisnormallyemployedinwritingandnormallyspokenby educated speakers whichstudentsofEnglishasaFL SLaretaughtwhentheyreceiveformalinstruction PeterTrudgill JeanHannahThetermStandardEnglishreferstogrammarandvocabulary dialect butnottopronunciation accent WordandVocabulary HowlargeistheEnglishvocabulary HowmanywordsarethereinEnglish VocabularyofOxfordEnglishDictionarypublished1928is414 829 ReportsofthesizeoftheEnglishvocabularyinthepopularpresshaveaverywiderange from400 000to600 000words 1983 200 000wordsincommonuse Thediscrepancy isduelargelytodifferentdefinitionsofaword andsoastudyattemptedtoproduceamorereliableestimatebyusingwordfamiliesinsteadofwordsastheunitofcounting WordandVocabulary Goulden NationandRead 1990 countedthenumberofwordfamiliesinWebster sThirdNewInternationalDictionary Ofcourse dictionariescan tcontaineverycurrentword butitstillthebestresourceavailableforcountingwords Gouldenetal foundthatthedictionarycontainedabout54 000wordfamilies Thisisahugenumberofitems rememberthateachwordfamilycontainsseveralwords WordandVocabulary ThevocabularyofnativespeakersAresearchmadein1984showsthatthevocabularyforaundergraduateisabout20 000 forahighschoolstudentisabout17 000 forajuniormiddleschoolstudentisabout13 000 foraten year oldchild hisvocabularyisabout7000 Thissuggeststhatfirstlanguagelearnersaddbetween1000and2000wordsperyear Yourvocabularyisequaltothatofa9 year oldchild SomeInterestingFacts Thereisnoeggineggplant norhaminhamburger Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog youcanbeprettysureitisn tcanine 犬类 Englishmuffins hotmuffins热松饼 美式早餐 英式午茶糕点 werenotinventedinEngland NorFrench friesinFrance 炸薯条 再如 Frenchwindow落地窗 takeFrenchleave不辞而别 擅自离开工作岗位Frenchgrey浅灰色 Sweetmeats 糖果 sweetbread 甜面包 InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly Boxingrings 拳击赛台 aresquare Andwhyisthatwriterswrite butfingersdon tfing grocersdon tgroce andhammersdon tham Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth whyisn tthepluralofbooth beeth Onegoose twogeese So onemoose 驼鹿 twomeese 复数形式仍然是moose Onemouse twomice Onelouse 虱子 twolice Onehouse twohice Ifteacherstaught whydidn tpreacherpraught preached Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables whatdoesahumanitarianeat Whydopeoplereciteataplay andplayatarecital Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship 动词与动词的功能差异 为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵 而在独奏会上却要演奏 polysemy一词多义 Havenosesthatrunandfeetthatsmell Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways 美国的房子周围有driveway 入户的车道 私人车道 parkway大路 干道 Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame whileawisemanandawiseguyareopposites Youfillinaformbyfillingitout collocation Andanalarmclockgoesoffbygoingon Yougetinandoutofacar yetyougetonandoffabus Ifthereisaphraseof goldbar thenwhatdoes goldbrick mean Andwhy whenIwindupmywatch Istartit Butwhen1windupthisessay Iendit 一词多义 1 WordThedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints 1 aminimalfreeformofalanguage 2 asoundunity 3 aunitofmeaning 4 aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction 词是语音 意义和语法特点三者统一的整体 词又是语句的基本结构单位 Afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform withaunityofsoundandmeaning bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction 词 今指语言组织中的基础单位 能独立运用 具有声音 意义和语法功能 辞海 1984 上海辞书出版社 GrammaticalHierarchy 语法层级 Thusthesentenceisagrammaticalunitthatconsistsofoneormorethanoneclause theclause oneormorethanonephrase thephrase oneormorethanoneword andtheword oneormorethanonemorpheme 词素 Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorthelowestrank Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents themorphemes MorphemeThemorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesmeaning thesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech Morphemesfallintotwocategories freemorphemes自由词素boundmorphemes粘附词素 FreemorphemeAfreemorphemehasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasimpleword e g man faith read write redarefreemorphemes BoundmorphemeBoundmorphemesaremostlyaffixes Theyarealsomeaningful butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattachedtosomeotherform Therefore aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitself itonlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffix Derivationalmorphemes Inflectionalmorphemes Freemorphemes自由词素 自身具有完并能作为 简单词 simpleword 独立使用的词素 可以充当词根 root 加上词缀构成派生词 derivative 也可以和其他自由词素相结合 构成复合词 Boundmorphemes粘附词素 粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义 主要功能是充当词缀 2 Vocabulary Lexicon Definitionofvocabulary P3 Thetermvocabularyreferstoallthewordsofagivenlanguage includingthewordsusedinthevariantsofthelanguage suchasdialect register vocabularyusedinparticularcircumstancesorcontexts e g legalorcommercial andterminology ThedifferencesbetweenwordandvocabularyAllthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary 3 Lexicology ThetermlexicologycontainstwoGreekmorphemes lexiconandlogie Theformermeanswordandthelattermeanslearningorthestudyof TheliteralmeaningofthetermisthescienceofwordsLexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage Itdealswithwords theirorigin development history structure meaningandapplication Inshort itisthestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords Lexicologyasapartoflinguistics Lexicologyisthepartoflinguistics dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage Goodknowledgeofthedescriptionofthevocabulary rulesofword formation originandhistoryofwordshelpstoguessandrememberthemeaningofnew learnedwords tomasterthestandardsoftheirusage andtopreventmistakes Twowaystostudylexicology 1 Diachronicapproach 历时的 2 Synchronicapproach 共时的 Methodsofstudyinglexicology 1 DiachronicapproachFromadiachronicperspective wordscanbeconsideredhistoricallyandbelookedinto theoriginsandchangesinformandmeaning 2 SynchronicapproachFromasynchronicpointofview wordscanbestudiedatpointintime disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace 1 5ClassificationofWords ClassificationofWords Thecriteria byusefrequency bynotion byorigin bymorphology1BasicWordStockandNon basicVocabularyBasicwordshavethefollowingcharacteristics NationalcharacterWordsofbasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage 1 5ClassificationofWords ClassificationofWords Theyincludewordsrelatingto naturalphenomena rain snow fire humanbodyandrelations head foot father mother brother son namesofplantsoranimals oak pine tree cat dog action size domain state come go hear beat good evil old hot heavy whiteblack numerals prepositions pronouns conjunctions 1BasicWordStockandNon basicVocabulary Stability asthesewordsdenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife theyarelikelytoremainunchanged Productivity word formingability astheyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords theycaneachbeusedalone andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes 1BasicWordStockandNon basicVocabulary Polysemy wordsofthiskindoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous Collocability abilitytoformcollocations mostofthesewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions idiomaticusages proverbialsayings 1BasicWordStockandNon basicVocabulary Non basicwordsincludethefollowing Terminology 术语 technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas Jargon 行话 thespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts sciences tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves Slang 俚语 Argot 黑话 Dialectalwords 方言词语 Archaisms 古语 Neologisms 新词 2ContentWordsandFunctionalWords Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords 实义词 Theyincludenouns verbs adjectives adverbsandnumerals whichdenoteobjects phenomena action quality state degree quantity etc Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown Theyarealsocalledemptywords Thechieffunctionofthesewordsistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences Theyareknownasformwords Prepositions conjunctions auxiliariesandarticlesbelongtothiscategory 3NativeWordsandBorrowedWords Nativ