英国文学选读 复习资料 罗经国.doc

Chapter 11. Earliest settlers-Celts2. 55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. -Roman Empire(London was founded)3. 演变Celts- Romans Anglo-Saxon English4. Julius Caesar , the first general came to British5. 500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex, the Celts King Arthur. His followers , who were know as the knights of the round table, fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.6. 9th century, King Alfred , the great of Wessex lead the AS kings to defeat the invaders by uniting their forces.7. the Norman Conquest 1066, Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward . And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.8. Two highlight in the development of AS literature A. Northumrian Schoolthe first AS poet -Caedmon The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.Vernerable Bede, A monk write in Lain Father of English HistoryB. the reign of Alfred Contribution translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗 A. the earliest heroic poetry B. the most significant poetryC. existed in oral form as early as the 6th century D. Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements10. Difference between Old Eng poetry , later poetry is technical structure 11. There are two poetic features of Old English poetry: alliteration and kenning.Chapter 2 1. 流行Romance 主要写Knights2. Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism 封建主义in ENG3. Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ,the matter of Rome , the matter of Britain4. Middle ENG:A. words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usually of the French originB. many inflectional form of words were droppedC. formal grammar simplified5. Medieval Romance (Subject Matters)A. matter of French (Charlemagne the Great, Roland, )B. matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, The siege of Troy)C. Britain the Arthurian LegendBy Sir Gawain, Launce lot, Marlin, the quest for Holy Grail, the Death of King Arthur.Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer1. The Hundreds Years War is an awakening of national Consciousness in ENG,the French heroine Joan of Arc贞德2. Geoffrey Chaucer (Buried in the Poets Conner in Westminster Abbey)A. Father of Eng poetryB. The work of Geoffrey Chaucer influenced by French literature influenced by Boccaccio 坎特伯雷故事集 The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.3. the significances of A. Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucers timeB. The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended 高度赞赏by critics C. Geoffrey Chaucers humorD. Chaucers contribution to ENG languageE. Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English4. John WycliffA. father of ENG proseB. one of the first figures who demanded to reform churchC. the one translate Bible into standard ENG5. William Langland Chapter 4 1. main eventsA. The war of the Rose ,the thirty Years War(the house of Lancaster/Red, the house of York)B. The discovery of American and the new sea routes C. Reformation of church. Henry found the Anglican Church, break away from the church of Rome.2. Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story3. Characters of BalladsA. the beginning is often abruptB. have strong dramatic elementsC. the story is told through dialogue and actionD. the theme is often tragicE. the meter格律is used (contains four-line stanzas, the odd numbered line奇数four feet, the even numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.)4. BalladsA. A legendary hero living during the reign of Richard the Lion Heated 金雀花王朝B. By Sir Thomas Mallory prefect the king Arthur5. Early ENG Plays(the 14th )developed into(mystery Plays神秘剧， miracle plays 奇迹剧)6. The flourishing of dramathe reason: no other entertainment ,both rich and poor can go to thereChapter 5 英国文学史上三次高潮 15th ENG Renaissance 19th 上Romantic 19th 下 Victoria1. The BackgroundQueen Elizabeth , defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队, mighty naval power强有力的海军.2. Humanism 人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ” in ENG3. 人文主义的解释及价值观According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, In art and literati on, instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of mans mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.4. Edmund Spenser 5. The University WitsA. Robert GreeneB. Thomas Kyd C. Christopher Marlowe The blank Verse无韵诗Unrhymed iambic pentameter6. William Shakespeare A. 发展 Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期Growth and development gloom and depressionrestored serenityB. achievementrepresented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of peopleS humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of loveS characterization, S characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平originalityas a great poet in sonnets master of the Eng language7. Four Tragedy : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of Macbeth 8. Sonnets (Italy/Petrarchs the first one, Ss)A. definition A short song in the original meaning of the word become a poet of 14 lines. Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格 五音步 with various rhyming schemes.B. Sonnet, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet (Shakespeares )9. Ss sonnets are different from Petrachs. Petrachs sonnets is divided into an octave(八音) which typically rhymes abba abba , and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes.Shakespeares sonnets (English sonnets)consists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ,which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends with a surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.Petrach abba abba / cde cdeShakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg 10. Hamlet Humanist (melancholy忧郁 procrastination优柔寡断)Chapter 6 From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution1. Background(the ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglican church 与Puritanical Church)2. Glorious Revolution 1688In 1688, William signed presented by Parliament, which greatly restricted the power of English King hence four ENGLAND has become a country of constitutional monarchy.君主立宪制3. The King James Bible of 1611Old Testament in Hebrews New Testament in GreekThe earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon, Bade and King Alfred.4. Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of Eng Materialism唯心主义”5. 目的：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.方法：Books are able to be tasked, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.6. 玄学派特点（Metaphysical Poets）John DonneMetaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits （奇思妙喻）incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought, frequent use of Paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.7. Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love, death and religionMain theme of Cavalier(骑士派)：Carpe Diem及时行乐8. Cavalier: Carpe diemA breach, but an expansionLike gold to airy thinness beatIf they be two, they are two so.As stiff twin compasses are two.THEME, 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。9. John Milton(Puritan Writer)10. A. Milton s master piece and one of the greatest poems in world literate.B. Satan, the most impressive character Better to reign in Hell than Serve in HeavenC. Meaning:rebellion spirits叛逆精神defiance of authority对权威的藐视excessive pride极端自负11. John Bunyan(Puritan) 天路历程 is written in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama.Chapter 7 1. Glorious Revolution2. Two Parliaments: The Tory & The Whig 3. The characters of neo-classicismOfficialA. People emphasized reason理智rather than emotion, form rather than contentB. As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic 说教性and satirical讽刺C. As elegance 优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness 恰当性and restraint 节制性were preferred , the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.D. Its almost exclusively a “town” poetry catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities.E. It is entirely wanting in all these elements that are related with the “romantic”CivilianA. Emphasized reason rather than emotion , form rather than ContentB. Didactic and satiricalC. The poet found closed couplet the only for seriousD. Town poetry show no love of nature, landscape or country thingsE. Lack of all Romantic Elements4 Geoffrey Chaucer, first use coupletPope5. Classicisms , a drama, 3 unities: action, place, time6. Daniel Defoe, know as a pioneer novelist of ENGis based on a real incident. a lowly women as the subject of literature who for her first time has committed theft and robbery.7. Jonathan Swift8. Joseph Addison & Richard Steele, periodical essays期刊写作. 2 periodical 期刊（the tattler, the spectator）9. Alexander Pope 新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰deist view 自然神论观点10. Samuel Johnson11. Henry Fielding (playwright, novelist)12. Robert Burns 抒情诗人From Scotland, write in Scottish and in traditional of Scottish folk songs. Besides, love lyrics, most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political Themes. Burns had a profound love for the common Scottish people and their literature. And his poems or songs are permeated with the Scottish natural spirit.13. William Blake (神秘主义者)同Burns 为前期浪漫主义代表 Chapter 8 Romanticism 1. From Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2. Characters: The glorification of instinct and emotion a deep veneration 崇拜of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.3. Rousseau 卢梭 French Philosopher . The Father of Romanticism/ The Nobel Savage 4. Characteristic features of the romantic movement A. Subjectivism主观主义B. Spontaneity 自发性C. Singularity 奇特性D. Worship of natureE. SimplicityF. There is a dominating note of melancholy / in the poems of Romantic poets人道主义理想、忧郁气质G. An age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feeling and emotion free verse form5. William Wordsworth Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人6. WW A. Sing of harmony between things in nature and between the nature and the poet himselfB. Personification, Simile, Metaphor7. Lake poets (William Wordsworth, Robert Southey，Taylor Coleridge )8. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 古舟子咏9. George Gordon Byron 10. the adventure of a Spanish liberationByrons fiery passion for the liberation of Greek people, and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relation of his time.11. Percy Bysshe Shelley 希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗12. John Keats (Last poet)13. Charles Lamb 剧作家With his sister 写了 Contribution to Familiar Essay14. Thomas de Quincy15. Walter ScottHistoric Novel . 1832 die , the end of Romanticism Contribution Chapter 9 Queen Victoria1. Two Queens:A. both were on a throne for a long period of time. Elizabeth 40s, Victoria 60s.B. Developed rapidly in both politically , economicallyC. Literature flourished(E - SB, drama. V-novel)2. The reason why novel rise quickly in Vs AgeA. the growth of urban population bring a new reading in publichB. the development of printing and making papers and the price of books droppedC. people can make a living by writingD. a large part class who need recreation and entertainmentE. the novel provided a marvelous mechanism for all sort of thingsexplorisy the conditions of poor and the manners of society, satirizing individuals or institution , advocating social reform and providing diversion for people at all levels F. the feminist movement3. Characterized by the common features A. plot is unfolded against a social background B. the cause-effect sequence much more striking than in previous novelsC. published in serial form连载D. the spirit of Puritanism 清教主义E. characterized by their moral purpose (hypocrisy 伪善 V时期的共同特点)F. critical realism 批判现实主义/ critical realistic novelist批判现实主义小说4. Charles Dickens artistic technique a tendency to describe ugly characters or eventsloves to instill life into inanimate things description of pathetic scenes5. William Makepeace Thackeray“A novel without hero”6. Difference between Thackeray and DickensA. Thackeray descript a different world from Dickens (T, descript people of upper and middle classes; D, descript the underdogs and the unprivileged )B. T is a cynic , D is a sentimentalist 感伤主义者C. T against affectation. D is a Romanist7. The title Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyans 8. Lord Alfred Tennyson (Laureate Poet) 挽歌 Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.9. Robert Browning (the dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗)10. The Bront SisterA. Charlotte BrontB. Emily Bront C. Anne Bront 11. Some critics said that the Bront inherited their strong emotion from their parents. A. The Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity. B. Another factor was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society. C. The Third factor their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by Romantic Poets.12. The works of Charlotte and Emily Bront and different from those of other Victorian writers in the aspects below:A. their works are marked by strong romantic elementsB. the role of nature is very significant in their workC. marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings.13. first most powerful ENG novel which represents the modern view of womens position in society.14. Emily Bront (Heathcliff Catharine)Emily Bront portrays the conflict between the privileged and the hire hand.15. Thomas Hardy, the last important novelist of the Victorian age Wessex novels.自然主义、社会达尔文主义 pessimistic The dominate theme of his novel is the futility of mans effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance, which are all predestined by Immanent Will.16. George Bernard Shaw (Irish )17. Oscar Wildedecadence颓废主义名词解释1. Alliteration头韵is the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved To his kin the kindest , keenest for praise代表作：Sir Gawain &Green Knight 2. Kenning隐喻A kenning is a metaphor usually composed two words, which becomes the formula 准则for a special object.3. Renaissance A French word, means “Rebirth”.The art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were bein