高考英语二轮复习 第三部分 阅读理解 专题四 猜测词义类课件.ppt

1 whichofthefollowingisthenearestinmeaningto 2 whatdoestheunderlinedword sentencemeaninthelastparagraph 3 whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby 4 theunderlinedword inthecontext inparagraph probablymeans 5 theterm canbebestreplacedby 6 theword probablyrefersto 7 asusedintheline theword refersto 8 accordingtothepassage theword isknownas 专题四猜测词义类 设问方式 9 theword phrase isclosestinmeaningto 10 bysaying theauthormeans 11 thepassageusestheword toreferto 12 thewords inparagraph3probablyrefertopeoplewho 13 inthelastparagraph probablymeans 14 accordingtotheauthor theunderlinedword means 15 fromthecontext passage wecaninferthattheword means 16 whatdoesthe underlined word referto 考点一 猜测词义题 典例1 2014辽宁 b片段 situation q ifiremembermyfriend sbirthdayadaylate shouldiapologizeorjustwishherahappybirthdaylikenothinghappened a thisisthereasonwhythewordbelatedwasinvented happybelatedbirthday isshortfor well iknowiforgot buttheniremembered forgivemeandhappybirthday 27 theunderlinedword belated insituation probablymeans a predictedb returnedc cancelledd delayed 剖析 d猜测词义题 根据situation 中的 ifiremembermyfriend sbirthdayadaylate 如果 我 晚一天才记起朋友的生日 可知 此处的belated应该与adaylate相关 根据构词法 be late d 也不难猜测出belated在意义上与delayed相近 故选d 名师在线利用构词法解答此类题目 首先要熟练掌握构词法的基本知识 英语中的构词法主要有三种 即复合法 派生法和转化法 而派生是很重要的一种方法 它是由词根 前缀和后缀组成的 词根是单词最重要的部分 表达单词的基本含义 在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀 可以用来引申或转变原词的意思 所以掌握各种词根 前缀 后缀等的基本含义 猜测所构成的新词含义就会事半功倍 另外还可利用带入验证法解题 高考英语阅读理解中的猜测词义题主要集中在派生和合成两种形式上 对猜测的词义可带入句子进行验证 看是否符合语境 从而推测出答案 典例2 2015四川 d片段 anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal drdominonisaid inglasgowwhereilive gullsareaseriousproblem ihavepeoplecomingtomesaying youarethebirdexpert canyouhelpuskillthesegulls duringthebreeding 繁殖 season betweenaprilandjune theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecan tsleep 44 whatdoestheunderlinedword nocturnal inparagraph5mean a activeatnight b inactiveatnight c activeduringtheday d inactiveduringtheday 剖析 a词义猜测题 根据anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight blackbirdsandseagullsarealso 以及 theyareveryactiveatnight 可以推断 这里的nocturnal应该表示 夜间活动的 典例3 2015广东 d片段 itwasoncecommontoregardbritainasasocietywithclassdistinction eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics inrecentyears manywritershavebeguntospeakofthe declineofclass and classlesssociety inbritain andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass butpronouncingthedeathofclassistooearly arecentwide rangingstudyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinaparticularclass 73percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofbritishsociety and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences thus classmaynotbeculturallyandpoliticallyobvious yetitremainsanimportantpartofbritishsociety britainseemstohavealoveofstratification 42 thewordstratificationinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto a varietyb divisionc authorityd qualification 剖析 b词义猜测题 根据本段提到大部分英国人认为英国社会还是存在阶级差别可知 此处应该是总结本段的主题 由此可推出画线词正是 划分 区分 之意 名师在线通过同义 反义关系猜测词义 在生词所在的上下文中 有时会出现与之同义或反义的词语 这时可根据熟悉的词语的含义推知生词的含义 典例4 2014江西 d片段 however atthebackofthemindsofmanypeople especiallythosewhomissthe goodolddays efficiencycomeswithaprice whencommunicationbecomesmoreefficient peopleareabletocontactoneanothernomatterwheretheyareandatwhatevertimetheywishto theclickofabuttonallowspeoplemilesaparttotalkorseeeachotherwithoutevenleavingtheirhomes withthecommunicationgadgets suchasmobilephonesandipads peopleoftendonottaketheefforttovisitoneanotherpersonally apersonalvisitcarrieswithittheadditionalfeatureofhavingtobeintheperson spresenceforaslongasthevisitlasts wecannotunnecessarilyexcuseourselvesorturntheotherpersonoff 71 theunderlinedword gadgets isclosestinmeaningto a toolsb messagesc barriersd skills 剖析 a猜测词义题 根据前文的withthecommunication及后面的suchasmobilephonesandipads可知a项正确 典例5 2015江苏 d片段 some2 500yearsagogreecediscoveredfreedom beforethattherewasnofreedom thereweregreatcivilizations splendidempires butnofreedomanywhere egyptandbabylonwerebothtyrannies oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses 65 whatdoestheunderlinedword tyrannies inparagraph2referto a countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp b powerfulstateswithhighercivilization c splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom d governmentsruledwithabsolutepower 剖析 d词义猜测题 此类题目一定要结合上下文来解答 首先看画线词tyrannies的同位语oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses 一个很有权势的人统治一大群无助的人 再分析各选项含义可知d项 用绝对权力来统治的政府 与此意思相近 a项 人们需要帮助的国家 b项 具有较高文明的强有力的国家 和c项 人们享有自由的伟大帝国 均与词义本身相差甚远 名师在线通过定义 解释和举例猜测词义 在一些文章中 特别是新闻报道及科普类说明文中 生词后面往往用thatis mean standfor namely referto inotherwords等或破折号 冒号引出说明性的内容 有时也用同位语 定语从句进行解释说明 还有些文章经常用例子来说明前面较难理解的词 这些例子可帮助考生准确猜测生词 文章举例时 常常会用一些连接词 如 suchas like forexample等 典例6 2015新课标全国 c片段 thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration 合作 withthemuseonacionalreinasofiainmadrid spain andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionslikethesalvadordalimuseuminst petersburg florida 31 whatdoestheword contributions inthelastparagraphreferto a artworks b projects c donations d documents 剖析 a词义猜测题 本段强调了对主要作品进行了精选 thefineselectionofthemajorworks 又点明contributions来自其他机构 所以可推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴 故选项a正确 典例7 2015北京 c片段 theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline butsomematerialsslowandscatter 散射 light bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath othersabsorblight stoppingitdeadinitstracks bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit soyoucanseeiteasily 64 theunderlinedword dead inparagraph3means a silentlyb graduallyc regularlyd completely 剖析 d词义猜测题 由第三句可知 一些物体使光发生了散射 第四句中othersabsorblight表示其他的物体吸收光 由此可以猜测出它们完全阻止了光的传播 因此这里dead意为 完全地 故选d 典例8 2015四川 b片段 determined dadfilledourplateswithsteamingstewandpassedthemaround itdidn tlookthatbad andafterthefirstwavehadshutdownmyabilitytosmell itdidn toffendthenosesomuch either itookataste itwouldneverwinaprizeinacookingcompetition butitwassurprisinglyedible andwedrankupeverylastdropofsoup 36 whatdoestheunderlinedword offend inthelastparagraphmean a toattract b toupset c toair d toshut 剖析 d词义猜测题 由itdidn tlookthatbad itdidn toffendthenosesomuch either 可知 炖菜看起来没那么糟 也没有那么鼻子 由关键词either可知 闻起来也没那么差 因此也不会那么 刺激 鼻子 所以offend的意思为toupset 名师在线通过上下文的联系猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的 都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有联系 因此 考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析 进而猜测词义 这是阅读过程中的一大关键 也是近年来高考考查的热点 典例9 2015湖南 b片段 anengineernamedellischesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt thisraisedthelevelofthecity sstreetsbyasmuchas12feet thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginchicago buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel smallwood framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily butwhataboutlarge heavystructureslikethetremonthotel whichwasasix storybrickbuilding 63 theunderlinedword hoist inparagraph4means a changeb liftc repaird decorate 剖析 b词义猜测题 根据前文可知街道被抬高了12英尺 而本句后半部分则说全部建筑物要与街道的新高度持平 由此可知是抬高建筑物 故选b项 名师在线有的生词词义的猜测要求利用自身的生活经验及科学常识进行分析推断 比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理 风俗习惯 宗教信仰 社会制度 了解掌握自然知识 自然现象以及现代科技知识 考点二 猜测短语题 典例1 2015新课标全国 a片段 mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache iwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearagobecauseihadmyrelativesgivememoneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldn tfit iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel irealizedthisadaylater whenisawnewspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventy fivedollarslessthanihadpaid thesetworkedsobeautifullywhenifirstgotithomethatiwouldkeepitonuntilstationssignedoffforthenight fortunately ididn tgetanychannelsshowingall nightmoviesoriwouldneverhavegottentobed 2 whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethephrase signedoff inparagraph1 a endedalltheirprogramsb providedfewerchannelsc changedtocommercialsd showedall nightmovies 剖析 a猜测短语题 该短语前的iwouldkeepiton说明作者非常喜欢看电视 一直看到电视台停止播放节目为止 故a项 结束所有的节目 与短语signoff 结束广播 电视节目 意义相近 为正确答案 b项 提供更少的频道 c项 更换成广告 d项 播放通宵电影 均不符合此处语境 典例2 2015安徽 d片段 infact whenitcomestotheartofwar antshavenoequal theyarecompletelyfearlessandwillreadilytakeonacreaturemuchlargerthanthemselves attackinginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget suchistheirdevotiontothecommongoodofthecolonythatnotonlysoldierantsbutalsoworkerantswillsacrificetheirlivestohelpdefeatanenemy 70 whatdoestheunderlinedexpression takeon inparagraph3mean a accept b employ c playwith d fightagainst 剖析 d猜测短语题 根据画线短语所在句theyarecompletelyfearless attackinginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget 可知 此处takeon指 对抗 故选d 典例3 2015陕西 d片段 parentswhohelptheirchildrenwithhomeworkmayactuallybebringingdowntheirschoolgrades otherformsofparentalinvolvement includingvolunteeringatschoolandobservingachild sclass alsofailtohelp accordingtothemostrecentstudyonthetopic 58 theunderlinedexpression parentalinvolvement inparagraph1probablymeans a parents expectationonchildren shealthb parents participationinchildren seducationc parents controloverchildren slifed parents planforchildren sfuture 剖析 b猜测短语题 由helptheirchildrenwithhomework以及volunteeringatschoolandobservingachild sclass可知 这是父母在参与孩子的教育 故b项正确 a项表示 父母对孩子健康的期望 c项表示 父母对孩子生活的控制 d项表示 父母对孩子未来的计划 均不合文意 名师在线猜测短语的方法同猜测词义的方法大致相同 有时先注意分析短语的意思 然后结合具体语境去推测短语的含义会更有利于解决问题 考点三 猜测句意题 典例1 2015浙江 d片段 theydidn t fromdaytwo everyonewantedtowalkthecutepuppythatfirstday neitherthoughttowalkthedog whileiwasslowtoacceptthatiwouldbetheonetokeeptrackofhershots toschedulehervetappointments tofeedandcleanher mistyknewthisondayone asshelookedupatthethreenewhumansinherlife small medium andlarge shecalculated themediumoneisthesuckerinthepack quickly sheandidevelopedsomethingverysimilartoavulcanmindmeld 心灵融合 she dlookatmewiththosesadbrowneyesofhers beamherneed andthenwait trustingiwouldunderstand which strangely ialmostalwaysdid innotime shebecamemyfifthappendage 附肢 snoringonmyhome officecouchasiworked cradlingagainstmyfeetasiread andsplayingacrossmystomachasiwatchedtelevision 56 whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningto themediumoneisthesuckerinthepack paragraph3 a themiddle agedpersonlovesmemost b themedium sizedwomanisthehostess c themaninthemiddleistheonewhohasthefinalsay d thewomanisthekindandtrustworthyoneinthefamily 剖析 d句意理解题 根据前面提到的 iwouldbetheone mistyknewthisondayone 可知 在misty眼里 themediumone就是指作者 再根据下一段中的quickly sheandidevelopedsomethingverysimilartoavulcanmindmeld 可知 很快作者就和狗相处得很融洽了 几乎达到了心灵融合的地步 也就是说 狗比较相信她的女主人了 故选d项 典例2 2015天津 d片段 boldnessmeansadecisiontobiteoffmorethanyouaresureyoucaneat andthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthemightyforces theyarepotentialpowerswepossess energy skill soundjudgment creativeideas evenphysicalstrengthgreaterthanmostofusrealize admittedly thosemightyforcesarespiritualones buttheyaremoreimportantthanphysicalones acollegeclassmateofmine tim wasanexcellentfootballplayer eventhoughheweighedmuchlessthantheaverageplayer inonegameisuddenlyfoundmyselfconfrontingahugeplayer whohadnothingbutmebetweenhimandourgoalline saidtim iwassofrightenedthaticlosedmyeyesanddesperatelythrewmyselfatthatguylikeabullet 子弹 andstoppedhimcold boldness awillingnesstoextendyourselftotheextreme isnotonethatcanbeacquiredovernight butitcanbetaughttochildrenanddevelopedinadults confidencebuildsup surely therewillbesetbacks 挫折 anddisappointmentsinlife boldnessinitselfisnoguaranteeofsuccess butthepersonwhotriestodosomethingandfailsisalotbetteroffthanthepersonwhotriestodonothingandsucceeds 52 whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedpart a swallowmorethanyoucandigest b actslightlyaboveyourabilities c developmoremysteriouspowers d learntomakecreativedecisions 剖析 b猜测句意题 根据文中第二段列举的事例 即蒂姆通过自己的努力战胜了比自己强大很多倍的对手 以及第三段的首句 大胆就是尽情发挥自己的极限 等内容提示可以得知 此处画线部分表示 略高于你的能力进行发挥 因此b项符合题干要求 a项 吞下比你能消化的还要多的食物 是描述画线部分的字面意义 不符合题干要求 c项 发展更为神秘的能力 d项 学会做出创造性的决定 均与语境意义不符 名师在线做猜测句意题目时 考生除了可借鉴猜测生词和短语的方法之外 还要注意 1 返回原文 找到该句子 对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析 正确选项与原句之间往往不需要很多的推理 2 一般说来 正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同 只不过是用其他的英语词汇表达而已 考点四 猜测指代题 典例1 2015重庆 d片段 severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta thecampshaveexcellenthorses professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience 48 whatdoestheunderlinedword they referto a floodedwaters b wildlifejourneys c safaricamps d uniquerides 剖析 c猜测指代题 做猜测指代题时一般应该从前文查找答案 画线代词所在句子与其前一句是并列的 前一个句子的主语是thecamps 而thecamps指前面提到的safaricamps 故应该选择c项 典例2 2015浙江 c片段 ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars wewouldgoindarknesshappily themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal 夜间活动的 speciesonthisplanet instead wearediurnalcreatures witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun slight thisisabasicevolutionaryfact eventhoughmostofusdon tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings yetit stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe vedonetothenight we veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight 51 whatdoes it paragraph1 mostprobablyreferto a thenight b themoon c thesky d theplanet 剖析 a词义猜测题 it是代词 指代前面提到的事物 而前面提到的是night 指用光来照亮黑夜 典例3 2015湖南 a片段 cyclistsjumponandoffpavements whicharemeantforpedestrians rideatspeedalongthepavements andthinktheyhaveaspecialrighttogothroughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred iwasalmostknockeddownrecentlybyacyclistridingonthepavementwhentherewasacyclelanerightnexttohim otherroadusers includinghorseriders managetoobeytherulessowhynotcyclists it sabouttimetheyhadtoberegisteredandinsured sowhentheydohitapedestrianoravehicle orcauseanaccident atleasttheycanbetracedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim jmlwritetoviewpointsofthenewspaper 59 theunderlinedword they inthethirdletterrefersto a accidentsb vehiclesc pedestriansd cyclists 剖析 d词义猜测题 这封信是对cyclists的抱怨 因此they在此处指的是cyclists 名师在线解这类题时 应注意代词指代的总原则 就近指代 代词指代在数 单数或复数 格 主格或宾格 逻辑 意义 位置等方面与之接近的名词 就位置而言 代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中 指代的除名词外 还可指的是一 多 件事 形式可以是句子 v ing形式的短语 动词不定式等 对点训练 a 2015四川 e nooneissurehowtheancientegyptiansbuiltthepyramidsnearcairo butanewstudysuggeststheyusedalittlerock n roll long agobuilderscouldhaveattachedwoodenpolestothestonesandrolledthemacrossthesand thescientistssay technically ithinkwhatthey reproposingispossible physicistdanielbonnsaid peoplehavelongpuzzledoverhowtheegyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks andthere snoobviousanswer onaverage eachofthetwomillionbigstonesweighedaboutasmuchasalargepickuptruck theegyptianssomehowmovedthestoneblockstothepyramidsitefromaboutonekilometeraway themostpopularviewisthategyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothpaths manyscientistssuspectworkersfirstwouldhaveputtheblocksonsleds 滑板 thentheywouldhavedraggedthemalongpaths tomaketheworkeasier workersmayhavelubricatedthepathseitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle bonnhasnowtestedthisideabybuildingsmallsledsanddraggingheavyobjectsoversand evidencefromthesandsupportsthisidea researchersfoundsmallamountsoffat aswellasalargeamountofstoneandtheremainsofpaths however physicistjosephwestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway wholedthenewstudy westsaid iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction ithought whydon ttheyjusttryrollingthethings asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides herealized that henotes shouldmakeablockofstone aloteasiertorollthanasquare sohetriedit heandhisstudentstiedsomepolestoeachoffoursidesofa30 kilogramstoneblock thatactionturnedtheblockintosomewhatawheel thentheyplacedtheblockontheground theywrappedoneendofaropearoundtheblockandpulled theresearchersfoundtheycouldeasilyrolltheblockalongdifferentkindsofpaths theycalculatedthatrollingtheblockrequiredaboutasmuchforceasmovingitalongaslippery 滑的 path westhasn ttestedhisideaonlargerblocks buthethinksrollinghasclearadvantagesoversliding atleast workerswouldn thaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths 1 it swidelybelievedthatthestoneblocksweremovedtothepyramidsiteby a rollingthemonroadsb pushingthemoverthesandc slidingthemonsmoothpathsd draggingthemonsomepoles 答案及剖析 1 c细节理解题 根据第四段第一句themostpopularviewisthategyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothpaths 可知 人们普遍接受的观点是埃及人是在光滑的道路上滑动石块的 故选c项 2 theunderlinedpart lubricatedthepaths inparagraph4means a madethepathswetb madethepathshardc madethepathswided madethepathsslippery 答案及剖析 2 d词义猜测题 由该词组所在句子的后半部分eitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle可推知 他们使用湿的黏土或牛的脂肪使道路变得光滑 这样才能更轻松地移动石块 3 whatdoestheunderlinedword it inparagraph7referto a rollingtheblockswithpolesattached b rollingtheblocksonwoodenwheels c rollingpolestomovetheblocks d rollingtheblockswithfat 答案及剖析 3 a代词指代题 根据sohetriedit 中的so一词可判断 it指代的内容应该在第六段 由文章第六段中的asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides makeablockofstone aloteasiertorollthanasquare 可知 物理学家west提出 在石块四周捆绑上木棒可以使石块更容易滚动 因此他对这种方法进行了尝试 故选a项 4 whyisrollingbetterthanslidingaccordingtowest a becausemoreforceisneededforsliding b becauserollingworkcanbedonebyfewercattle c becauseslidingonsmoothroadsismoredangerous d becauselesspreparationonpathsisneededforrolling 答案及剖析 4 d推理判断题 根据最后一段最后一句atleast workerswouldn thaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths 可知 用滚动的方法不需要带着牛的脂肪或水使道路变得光滑 也就是说对道路做的准备工作更少 故选d项 5 whatisthetextmainlyabout a anexperimentonwaysofmovingblockstothepyramidsite b anapplicationofthemethodofmovingblockstothepyramidsite c anargumentaboutdifferentmethodsofmovingblockstothepyramidsite d anintroductiontoapossiblenewwayofmovingblockstothepyramidsite 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文 古埃及人如何搬运巨石建造金字塔一直是一个谜 不过一项新研究表明 他们有可能是通过在巨石四周捆绑木棒 使其滚动运行这一更加省力的办法来搬运巨石的 答案及剖析 5 d主旨大意题 文章主要介绍了古埃及人搬运巨石建造金字塔可能用的更省力的办法 故选d项 读写一体练 1 改错 peoplehavelongpuzzledoverhowtheegyptiansmovedsohugerocks 剖析 so adj a an 单数可数名词 或 so many much few little 少 名词 是正确搭配 such adj 名词 为正确搭配 2 仿写 iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogram 当看见燃烧的房子里仍然有几个人的时候 他们毫不犹豫地冲进去救他们 afewpeoplestillintheburninghouse theyrushedintoittosavethemwithouthesitation 答案 whenseeing b 2015湖北 b whattheresaloeisdoingprovesthatalargefarmisn taprerequisiteforamoderngrow your ownlifestyle onamere1 10ofanacreinlosangeles loeandherfamilygrow can 装罐 andpreservemuchofthefoodtheyconsume loeisamasterfoodpreserver gardenerandcanningexpert shealsooperatesawebsite wheresheshareshertipsandrecipes withthegoalofdemonstratingthateveryonehastheabilitytocontrolwhat sontheirplate loeinitiallywenttoschooltobecomeanengineer butshequicklylearnedthatherenthusiasmwasmainlyaboutgrowingandpreparingherownfood i