高中英语语法复习讲义.doc

高中英语语法网络图一名词纵观高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：名词的复数形式；不可数名词的辨认；抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词；名词作定语；双重所有格；名词前多个形容词排列。I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：名词可数与不可数及修饰词：常考的抽象名词有：advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information, salt, knowledge, luck, weather, progress, news (word), money注意：another不能修饰不可数名词，可说another book，不可说another news。1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed四 几个容易误用的名词的单复数：1. 单复数相同：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, works2. 只有复数：cattle, people3. 常以复数形式出现：trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains（遗物）, contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations（准备）, tears, repairs, regards, games（运动会）4. 以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数：politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations五、几组易错名词的用法：1. many a + 单数名词 = many + 复数名词2. 集合名词：family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, company, police, party作主语时，若看作一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；若表示组成分子，则用复数。e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner. My family is / are going to have a long journey.3. population:1）作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词，谓语用单数。2）问“多少人口”时，不说how many或how much，而用what。3）在谈到“人口比多”时，常用large，great；“人口少”时，常用small，而不用much，many或little。4）当谈及“有人口”时， 习惯上用have a population of。5）当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时，谓语用复数。6）表示某个地区人口时，其前应有定冠词。7）population不能与people连用。e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers. The city has a population of the million.六、表示“许多”的词组：1. 代替many，修饰可数名词的有：a great number of, a large number of, a good number of, a great many, many a2. 代替much，修饰不可数名词的有：a great deal of3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large / great / good quantity of, large quantities ofe.g. The teacher gave us a large number of examples.七、用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示其全家人或夫妇两人： the Smiths八、名词的双重所有格的用法：1. 只能用于指人的名词 a friend of my sisters2. 前一名词必须泛指或有this，that，those，another，some，every，several，such，any，which，what修饰或限制，或前面有数词。九、名词前多个形容词的排列顺序：描绘性+大小/新旧/年龄/温度/形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/目的分类e.g. a pretty little American girl an old stone bridge a small round pine table the dirty old green coat十、名词用来作定语，修饰名词：有生命的多用s或s的所有格，无生命的多用of短语。一个名词直接做定语修饰另一个名词，往往属于固定的搭配。telephone number, school education, air pollution, research work,bus driver, coffee cup, sports meet, village people十一、表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，表示变化了的词义，这一类抽象名词已完全名词化变为可数名词：1. in surprise / a surprise2. with pleasure / a pleasure3. have pity on sb. / Its a pity. ( What a pity.)4. a man with experience / an experience5. light（光） / a light（灯）6. have difficulty in doing sth. / meet with many difficulties7. failure ( success )8. danger（危险） / a danger（危险物）十二、常用名词辨异：1. accident / incident:accident常指不幸的，预料不到的，突发性的意外事件，如灾祸、灾难等；还常与by连用，by accident 偶然 类似: come across, happen to do, chance to do, by chancee.g. He had met with an accident on the way. This is why he was late for the meeting. incident指不重要的小事或引起公众注意的事件；也指事变、战争等。e.g. My father told me of an incident that took place on his first day at school.2. affair / business / matteraffair的单数形式作“事情、事件”解，复数形式作“事务、业务”解，用指国内、国际的事务。 business作“生意”“行业”，没有复数形式。matter作“事情、东西、问题”解，通常指必须考虑和处理的事情。另外：1）the matter麻烦事 2）v. 主要用于否定句、疑问句，表示“要紧，有重大关系” 3）no matter , as a matter of fact 4）matter 物质3. clothes / cloth / clothing / dressclothes统指衣服，不能与数词连用，但可以说many（a few，those，my）clothes，说“一套衣服”可以表达为“a suit of clothes”，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 cloth指做衣服的衣料，是不可数名词，但用于特殊用途的布，如“台布”“抹布”等是可数名词，复数形式为clothes。 clothing指衣服、服装的总称，是集合名词，没有复数形式。 一件衣服a piece of clothing / an article of clothing，不能说a suit of clothing dress指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合的衣服，可数名词。4. fun / jokefun和joke都有“开玩笑”的意思，fun是不可数名词，而joke可用做动词，表示“开玩笑”，而fun不能用作动词。同某人开玩笑：make fun of, play a joke / jokes on sb. make a joke / jokes about sb. / sth.5. e moment (that) / for the momentin a moment“一会儿后”，指从现在往后的一段时间，也可指“很短的一段时间内”。after a moment“一会儿后”，用于过去或将来的某时起往后一段时间。for a moment作一段时间解时，指“很短暂的一整段时间”。at the moment“当时”“目前”（= at this moment, then）the moment that表示“一就” for the moment暂时、目前6. pay / wage / salarypay是不可数名词，是个常用词，可替代其他两个词。salary是可数名词、不可数名词，按月、季或年发给的工资，一般指脑力劳动者的工资。wage（常用复数），一般指体力劳动者的工资，按日或星期来计算的。7. strength / force / energy / powerstrength常指固有的潜在力量，指人时，着重力气。force主要指自然界的力量，如暴力、势力、军事力量等。energy主要指“人的精力、自然界的能量”power主要指做一件事情所依靠的能力。十三、Repeat:1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with less money and fewer people.2. Shortly after the accident, two dozen police were sent there to keep order.3. We have worked out the plan and now put it into practice.4. He is going camping with two other little boys.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi.6. He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.7. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a message.8. Youll find this map of great value in helping you to get round London.练习1. The _ of the room were covered with _. A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves 2. There are three _ in our factory. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor 3. Which do you prefer _ or _? A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes 4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office. A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefs C. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs 5. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs 6. He doesnt like _ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks 7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a 8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a 9. We know _ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound 10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _. A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles 11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）. A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was 12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car. A. deal B. amount C. number D. size 13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard. A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of 14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands 15. Two _, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee 16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for. A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price 17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Mans B. Mens C. Mens D. Persons 18.I stayed at _. A. Xiao Wangs B. Wangs home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang 19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoes 20. Have you ever read _? A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. todays newspaper 21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired. A. hour B. hours C. hours D. hours 22. The mother over there is _ mother. A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Marys C. Julias and Marys D. Julias and Mary 23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class. A. anyones B. anyone else C. anyones elses D. anyone elses 24. The children are playing _ on the _. A. sand, sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand 25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair 26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C. trip D. travel 27. We have no _ about where she has gone. A. information B. news C. message D. flash 28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people. A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing 29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill 30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed. A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place 31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart. A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking 32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere. A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man 33. He was an _ in the government _. A. office, official B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer 34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _. A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, characters D. characters, character 35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital. A. every other days B. each other day C. every other day D. every two day 36. My friend will return in _. A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days 37. _ is always difficult for me. A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation 38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise. A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation 39. The police _ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to 40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one 41. No news _ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has 42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looks B. seems C. is D. are 43. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are 44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _. A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit 45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something. A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses 46. Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices 47. We are _ and they are _. A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen 48. _ are made of _. A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses 49. Ill have to buy _ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of 50. _ is needed in cold countries. A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C. Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.a与one的对比1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似，但它们几乎不能互换使用。2. 在连续记数时，习惯上，用one而不用a。3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。4. 用在某些固定词组中。e.g. all of a sudden（突然），as a matter of fact（事实上），in a hurry，in a word，do sb. a favour，pay a visit to，a hand of（少量的），a length of（一根、一段），a variety of（种种），a depth of（深度为），an article of（一件），a total of（总共），an average of（平均），one by one，one after another，one day用在某些物质名词前，该物质名词便具体化了。a coffee, a heavy rain5. 用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词前便具体化了。He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.6. 用在专有名词前，表示类似的一个或某一个。He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.7. 表示“同一个”的意思。The two boys are of an age.These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.8. 不定冠词的特殊位置：how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a bookII. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 在turn，go（变成、成为）变成后面的名词做短语时，名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。9 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中，该普通名词前不加冠词。固定搭配。in debt，in good (bad) health，in good condition，in great demand，in great need of，in time of danger，in office（就职），in honour of，in trouble (difficulty)，in favour of，with anger，in general，in size，in character（在性格上），in sight，in (out of) order，on business，on holiday， on leave，on watch，on fire，heart and soul，knife and fork，at sea，husband and wife，brother and sister，from morning till night，on horseback五、特殊情况1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名词前无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具体意义。out of problem（不成问题），out of the problem（不可能），take place，take the place of，in hospital，in the hospital，at table，at the table，in front of，in the front of，three of us，the three of us，on earth，on the earth，of age（成年），of an age（同岁数），lose colour（脸色苍白），lose the colour（褪色），2. 有些词组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ，意义不同。 a number of the number of3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时，冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。练习：做一轮配套练习三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either一、 it的用法：1. 代替指示代词this或that2. 用作人称代词3. 表示时间、天气、距离等4. 引导词，在句中充当形式主语或形式宾语1) It seems that Sb. seems to do / to be doing / to have done2) It appears that Sb. appears to do / to be doing / to have done3) It happens that Sb. hap