高考英语 贯穿知识点看“线”（高考真题实战集训） 阅读理解.doc

名师首选贯穿知识点看“线”（2013高考真题实战集训）：阅读理解科普常识类(2013浙江，b)below is a selection from a popular science book.if blood is red，why are veins(静脉) blue?actually，veins are not blue at all.they are more of a clear，yellowish colour.although blood looks red when its outside the body，when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin，its more of a dark reddish purple colour.at the right depth，these bloodfilled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin，making them look blue by comparison.which works harder，your heart or your brain?that kind of depends on whether youre busy thinking or busy exercising.your heart works up to three times harder during exercise，and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker.but，in the long run，your brain probably tips it，because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart，and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.why do teeth fall out，and why dont they grow back in grownups?baby (or “milk”) teeth do not last long；they fall out to make room for bigger，stronger adult teeth later on.adult teeth fall out when they become damaged，decayed and infected by bacteria.once this second set of teeth has grown in，youre done.when theyre gone，theyre gone.this is because nature figures youre set for life，and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.do old people shrink as they age?yes and no.many people do get shorter as they age.but，when they do，it isnt because theyre shrinking all over.they simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力)many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older.men lose an average of 34 cm in height as they age，while women may lose 5 cm or more.if you live to be 200 years old，would you keep shrinking till you were，like 60 cm tall，like a little boy again？no，because old people dont really shrink！it is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs，arms and backbones getting shorter.when they do get shorter，its because the spine has shortened a little.or，more often，become more bent and curved.why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的)?because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling.the brain senses that youre spinning using special gravityandmotionsensing organs in your inner ear，which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable.but，when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control，and your brain thinks youre moving while youre not!where do feelings and emotions come from?mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system.all mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs，cats，and humans.so all mammals feel basic emotions like fear，pain and pleasure.but since human feelings also involve other，newer bits of the brain，we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.if exercise wears you out，how can it be good for you?because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them.and as far as your body is concerned，its “use it，or lose it”！its not that exercise makes you healthy；its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.1what is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?ablue. blight yellow.cred. ddark reddish purple.解析细节理解题。根据第一个标题下的“.its more of a dark reddish purple colour.”可知答案。答案d2why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?abecause their spine is in active use.bbecause they are more easily affected by gravity.cbecause they keep growing backwards.dbecause their spine becomes more bent.解析细节理解题。根据第四个标题下的“they simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力)”可知，老年人变矮是因为脊柱收缩和弯曲造成的。答案d3which of the following statements about our brain is true?ain the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart.bwhen our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy.cthe brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.dour feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.解析细节理解题。根据第二个标题下的第三句“but，in the long run，your brain.”可知答案为a项。此题最易误选b项，根据第五个标题下的最后一句可知，眩晕是由于 “你已经不动了，而你的大脑认为你还在动”的错觉引起的。答案a4what is the main purpose of the selection?ato give advice on how to stay healthy.bto provide information about our body.cto challenge new findings in medical research.dto report the latest discoveries in medical science.解析写作意图题。考生易误选d项，但是在医学领域，概括失误。文章主要涉及我们身体的问题，包括身体的、情绪的等等。故选择b项较全面。答案b社会现象类(2013湖北，d)a german study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.the paper, published this march in psychology and aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 germans between ages 18 and 96.the surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.the researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.“we observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，” wrote frieder rlang, a professor at the university of erlangennuremberg.lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.“seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions(预防措施)，”the authors wrote.surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.the authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.however, the researchers said a pattern was clear.“we found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic，” the authors concluded.5according to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?aoptimistic adults. bmiddleaged adults.cadults in poor health. dadults of lower income.解析细节理解题。由文章第四段第一句话“the researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.”可知中年人可以更加精确地预测他们的未来。故选b项。答案b6pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people_.ato fully enjoy their present lifebto estimate their contribution accuratelycto take measures against potential risksdto value health more highly than wealth解析细节理解题。由第六、七段中的关键信息“.people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions.”及“.contribute to taking improved precautions(预防措施).”可知对未来持悲观态度的人会对他们的行动更加小心并且采取一些预防措施，故选c项。答案c7how do people of higher income see their future?athey will earn less money.bthey will become pessimistic.cthey will suffer mental illness.dthey will have less time to enjoy life.解析细节理解题。由第八段第一句话“surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.”可知工资高的人会预料他们未来工资的下降，故选a项。答案a8what is the clear conclusion of the study?apessimism guarantees chances of survival.bgood financial condition leads to good health.cmedical treatment determines health outcomes.dexpectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.解析推理判断题。由最后一段的最后一句话“we found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic，the authors concluded.”可知对未来生活满意度的预测随年龄的增长而下降。答案d人文地理类(2013重庆，d)not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the atlantic ocean，an sshaped body of water covering 33 million square miles.the atlantic has，in a sense，replaced the mediterranean as the inland sea of western civilization.unlike real inland seas，which seem strangely still，the atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.it is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.“storm at sea”，a short poem written around 700，is generally regarded as one of mankinds earliest artistic representations of the atlantic.when the wind is from the westall the waves that cannot rest to the east must thunder on where the bright tree of the sunis rooted in the oceans breast.as the poem suggests，the atlantic is never dead and dull.it is an ocean that moves，impressively and endlessly.it makes all kinds of noiseit is forever thundering，boiling，crashing，and whistling.it is easy to imagine the atlantic trying to draw breathperhaps not so noticeably out in midocean，but where it meets land，its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.it mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.it is filled with symbiotic existences，too：unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony，giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat，a kind of subocean vitality.and it has a psychology.it has personalities：sometimes peaceful and pleasant，on rare occasions rough and wild；always it is strong and striking.9unlike real inland seas，the atlantic ocean is _.aalways energetic blacking in livelinesscshaped like a square dfavored by ancient poets解析细节理解题。从第一段中的“unlike real inland seas，which seem strangely still，the atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.”可知，liveliness(精力充沛，活跃)与energetic近义，故答案为a项。答案a10what is the purpose of using the poem “storm at sea” in the passage?ato describe the movement of the waves.bto show the strength of the storm.cto represent the power of the ocean.dto prove the vastness of the sea.解析推理判断题。从诗歌下面的一段“as the poem suggests，the atlantic is never dead and dull.it is an ocean that moves，impressively and endlessly.it makes all kinds of noiseit is forever thundering，boiling，crashing，and whistling.”可知，这首诗主要向我们描述了海洋的强大力量。答案c11what does the underlined word “symbiotic” mean?aliving together. bgrowing fast.cmoving harmoniously. dbreathing peacefully.解析词义猜测题。划线单词所在的句子后边用了冒号，后边的内容是对前边句子的解释，从下文“unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony”中的mix within等字眼可知，划线单词意为“共生的”，故a项符合要求。答案a12in the last paragraph，the atlantic is compared to _.aa beautiful and poetic placeba flesh and blood personca wonderful worldda lovely animal解析推理判断题。从最后一句“it has personalities：sometimes peaceful and pleasant，on rare occasions rough and wild；always it is strong and striking.”中可以看出，大西洋有个性：有时安静，有时野蛮等，把这些用来描绘人的词汇用来描写大西洋，所以此处把大西洋比喻成了一个有血有肉的人。答案b人物传记类(2013山东，b)george gershwin，born in 1898，was one of americas greatest composers.he published his first song when he was eighteen years old.during the next twenty years he wrote more than five hundred songs.many of gershwins songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in new york city.these plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.many of his songs have remained popular as ever.over the years they have been sung and played in every possible wayfrom jazz to country.in the 1920s there was a debate in the united states about jazz music.could jazz，some people asked，be considered serious music? in 1924 jazz musician and orchestra leader paul whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music.gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized he had just a few weeks to do it.and in that short time，he composed a piece for piano and orchestra which he called rhapsody in blue.gershwin himself played the piano at the concert.the audience were thrilled when they heard his music.it made him worldfamous and showed that jazz music could be both serious and popular.in 1928，gershwin went to paris.he applied to study composition (作曲)with the wellknown musician nadia boulanger，but she rejected him.she was afraid that classical study would ruin his jazzinfluenced style.while there，gershwin wrote an american in paris.when it was first performed，critics (评论家)were divided over the music.some called it happy and full of life，to others it was stilly and boring.but it quickly became popular in europe and the united states.it still remains one of his most famous works.george gershwin died in 1937，just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer.he was only thirtynine years old.newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages.people mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have still written.【语篇解读】 本文讲述了george gershwin 一位伟大的音乐家的一生，对音乐界及世界的影响。 13many of gershwins musical works were_.awritten about new yorkersbcomposed for paul whitemancplayed mainly in the countrysidedperformed in various ways解析细节理解题。根据原文第二段末over the years they have been sung and played in every possible wayfrom jazz to country.其中“they”指代gershwins musical works，“in every possible way ”与 various ways属于同义替换，所以选d。答案d 14what do we know about the concert organized by whiteman?ait attracted more people to theatres.bit proved jazz could be serious music.cit made gershwin leader of the orchestra.dit caused a debate among jazz musicians.解析细节理解题。根据原文第三段中in 1924, jazz musician and orchestra leader paul whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music .其中“show that jazz was serious music”和b选项是表达的一个意思，所以选b。答案b15what did gershwin do during his stay in paris?ahe created one of his best works.bhe studied with nadia boulanger.che argued with french critics.dhe changed his music style.解析细节理解题。根据原文第四段中“it still remains one of his most famous works.”其中it指的就是an american in paris，“one of his most famous works.”即a选项中的 one of his best works。答案a16what do we learn from the last paragraph?amany of gershwins works were lost.bthe death of gershwin was widely reported.ca concert was held in memory of gershwin.dbrain cancer research started after gershwins death.解析推理判断题。根据原文最后一段，“newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages.”即说明了b选项“the death of gershwin was widely reported.”故b正确。其它选项均没有涉及。答案b17which of the following best describes gershwin?atalented and productive. bserious and boring.cpopular and unhappy. dfriendly and honest.解析主旨大意题。从全文看，这个人不可能用boring这样感情色彩负面的词来形容，故b错误；文中提到他popular，但没有说他unhappy，故c错误；friendly和honest在文中没有具体体现，没有根据，故d错误；a选项中talented有天分的，productive多产的，准确地描述了gershwin作为一个作曲家所具备的素质。答案a文学赏析类(2013江西，d)mark twain has been called the inventor of the american novel.and he surely deserves additional praise：the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.i say clever because antislavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the civil war.h.b.stowes uncle toms cabin is only the most famous example.these early stories dealt directly with slavery.with minor exceptions，twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.he drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.again and again，in the postwar years，twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.consider the most controversial，at least today，of twains novels，adventures of huckleberry finn.only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as huckleberry finn，twains most widely read tale.once upon a time，people hated the book because it struck them as rude.twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums(贫民窟)”more recently the book has been attacked because of the character jim，the escaped slave，and many occurences of the word nigger.(the term nigger jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)but the attacks were and are sillyand miss the point.the novel is strongly antislavery.jims search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.as jchadwick has pointed out，the character of jim was a first in american fictiona recognition that the slave had two personalities，“the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual：jim，the father and the man.”there is much more.twains mystery novel puddnhead wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.written at a time when the accepted wisdom held negroes to be inferior(低等的)to whites，especially in intelligence，twains tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.a slave gave birth to her masters baby and，for fear that the child should be sold south，switched him for the masters baby by his wife.the slaves lightskinned child was