语言学填空题.doc

Chapter 1 Introduction1. Language is a system of a _vocal symbols used for human communication. arbitrary 2. The description of a language as it changes through is a d _ study. diachronic3. L _refers to the abstract linguistic system shared all the members of a speech community. Langue4. The desire features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, and d_.displacement5. The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and m_. metalingual6. The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, s_ and pragmatics. semantics7. The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, a_ linguistics, and computational linguistics. anthropological8. The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, or c_ relation. CHOICE 9. The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTAL relation or c_ relation. CHAIN1. Linguistics is generally defined as the . scientific study of language2. The study of language as a whole is often called . general linguistics.3. The study of used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. Sounds4. The study of is known as semantics. meaning5. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to . psychology6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics. applications7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be . descriptive8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic. history; changes9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing. prior10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use. langue; parole11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is . prescriptive12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written. spoken13. Many of the rules of traditional grammar apply only to the language. written14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isolation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. conducted15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.types21.Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his language.22.Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24.Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_.26. Human capacity for language has a g _ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.29.Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _ study of language.21. knowledge22. abstract23. Duality24. arbitrary25. syntax26.genetic 27. Parole28. applied29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech sounds1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently themost highly developed, is a _phonetics. articulatory2. The four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one feature in common, i.e. , they are all b_. bilabial3. In English there are a number of d_, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. diphthongs4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a _ of that phoneme. allophones 5. The most elemental grammatical units in a language are m _ . morphemes6. Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m _, involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. metathesis 7. Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas, which are a_ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.10. The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) was developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J_, who put forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging. Jones11. The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition, metathesis and a_. assimilation12. Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetic transcriptions are placed between s_brackets. square brackets.13. There are usually two terms of number: Singular and p_.Plural14. P_is a branch of linguistics that studies how speech sounds are produced and classified. phonetics1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language. phonic medium2. The three branches of phonetics are , auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. labeled articulation phonetics3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of . manner of articulation; place of articulation4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language_. the speech sounds5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics environments are called the of that phoneme. allophones6. The assimilation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_; thus making the two phones similar. sequential phoneme7. The assimilation rule also accounts for the _ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations. varying pronunciation8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is_. orthographically represented9. Language is first _through its sounds. perceived10. The letter P in terms of place of articulation_ in terms of manner of articulation is _. bilabial; stops11. _, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language phonetic similarity. 12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the _. oral cavity13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _and_ vowels . tense; lax14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of_. simultaneous distinctive features15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a _and a phrase consisting of the same elements. compound noun1. Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. tongue2. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. place3. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. stop4. S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental 5. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_ rules. sequential6. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. narrow7. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. intonation8. P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology9. T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone10. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. sentence1. A _ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. Aspiration2. A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Articulatory3. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. they are all b_ sounds. bilabial 4. Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. tongue5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. place6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. stop7. S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental8. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_ rules. sequential9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. narrow10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. intonation11. P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity. oral13. T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone14. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. sentenceChapter 3 Morphology1. M_ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology2. Noun, verb, adj. and adv. are m_ lexical categories. major3. An a _ is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents thecomplete form. abbreviation4. Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: i _morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. inflectional5. According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds _ and suffixes. prefixes6. The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to as a_. acronym7. A W_ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phonetics WORD 8. M_ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. MORPHOLOGY9. Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are created by means of invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogical creation and b_. borrowing10. W _ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words work in the grammar of a language. Word 11. B_ advocated treating sentence as “ the maximum free form” and word “ the minimum free form”. （Bloom Field）12. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into GRANNATICAL WORDS and L_ WORDS. LEXICAL13. English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L_. Latin.14. A s _ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. stem15. Affix is limited in number in a language, and is generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i_. infix16. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, folk e_ and orthographic change. etymology17. Compounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the e_ compound. exocentric.18. There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. They are Loanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t_. translationChapter Three1. Linguists define the word as the smallest _found in language. free form2. Morpheme is the_ that carries information about meaning or function. smallest unit of language3. The root constitutes the _ of the word and carries the major components of its meaning. core4. Morpheme are usually _: there is no natural connection between their sound and meaning. arbitrary5. When _ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new words are derived , or formed. derivational morphemes6. Derivation is an _ that form a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its bases. affixational process7. Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound, words_. carry meaning8. _ are the foundation building blocks of a language. words9. Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that is concerned with _ and _. word formation; word structure10. The content words of language , such as _,_,_and adverbs, are sometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs; adjectives11. Affixes_ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme. do not12. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_. inflectional morphemes13. _, _ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to produce new words. derivation; compounds14. The ways word are formed are called _. morphological rules15. When two words are in the same _, the compound will be in this category. grammatical category1. M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme2. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_ meaning. grammatical3. B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. Bound4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_ affixes. derivative5. D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. Derivative6. A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. suffix7. C_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. Compounding8. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m_ rules. morphological9. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. derivation10. A s_ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. stem1. Morpheme 2. grammatical 3. Bound 4. derivative 5.Derivative6. suffix7. Compounding 8. morphological 9. derivation 10. stemChapter 4 Syntax1. Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a s_ such as that, if, and before. subordinator2. S_is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Syntax3. A s _ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Sentence4. The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s_. syntax5. There are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger and M_. Move6. In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposed a linguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase Structure Component, T_Component and Morpho-phonemic Component. Transformational7. The base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories and l_. lexicon8. Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: SUBORDINATE and c_ constructions. COORDINATE9. Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language: ideational, interpersonal and t_. textual1.To determine a words category，three criteria are usually employed: